Distributed zero trust network access

ABSTRACT

In order to use zero trust network resources distributed across multiple gateways, an agent is deployed on an endpoint of an enterprise network. The agent maps requests for specific applications to corresponding gateways. The agent may also multiplex or otherwise aggregate communications among different network applications and gateways in order to provide seamless, transparent access to the distributed resources at a single endpoint, and/or within a single interface.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a bypass continuation that claims priority toInternational Patent Application No. PCT/US22/18635 filed on Mar. 3,2022, which claims priority to Indian Patent Application No.202111047216 filed on Oct. 18, 2021, and U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 63/271,652 filed on Oct. 25, 2021, where each of theforegoing applications is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

BACKGROUND

There remains a need for improved techniques for deploying and managingzero trust network access gateways, or similar cloud-based and/orauthentication-based enterprise resources, particularly when deployed asa cloud-based cluster of nodes.

SUMMARY

In order to use zero trust network resources distributed across multiplegateways, an agent is deployed on an endpoint of an enterprise network.The agent maps requests for specific applications to correspondinggateways. The agent may also multiplex or otherwise aggregatecommunications among different network applications and gateways inorder to provide seamless, transparent access to the distributedresources at a single endpoint, and/or within a single interface.

In one aspect, a computer program product disclosed herein may includecomputer executable code embodied in a non-transitory computer readablemedium that, when executing on a local security agent of an endpoint,manages access to distributed zero trust network access resources byperforming the steps of: receiving a request at an endpoint for accessto a first application remotely hosted on a network; mapping a firstname for the first application to a first fully qualified domain namefor a first zero trust network access gateway for the first application;establishing an encrypted tunnel from the endpoint to the firstapplication through the first zero trust network access gateway;receiving a request at the endpoint for access to a second applicationremotely hosted on the network; mapping a second name for the secondapplication to a second fully qualified domain name for a second zerotrust network access gateway for the second application; comparing thefirst zero trust network access gateway for the first application to thesecond zero trust network access gateway for the second application;and, in response to determining that the first zero trust network accessgateway for the first application is the same as the second zero trustnetwork access gateway for the second application, multiplexing aconnection from the endpoint to the second application through theencrypted tunnel.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Thecomputer program product may further include code that, when executingon the endpoint, performs the step of, in response to determining thatthe first zero trust network access gateway for the first application isdifferent than the second zero trust network access gateway for thesecond application, creating a second encrypted tunnel from the endpointto the second application through the second zero trust network accessgateway. The computer program product may further include code that,when executing on the endpoint, concurrently presents the firstapplication and the second application in a user interface of theendpoint. The computer program product may further include code that,when executing on the local security agent of the endpoint, performs thestep of managing use of the first application and the second applicationon the endpoint according to a security policy administered from aremote threat management facility. The computer program product mayfurther include code that, when executing on the local security agent ofthe endpoint, coordinates authentication of the endpoint to at least oneof the first application and the second application through a remotethreat management facility. The endpoint may be a virtual computeinstance executing on a cloud computing platform. The first zero trustnetwork access gateway may be a virtual appliance executing in a cloudcomputing environment.

In one aspect, a method disclosed herein may include: receiving arequest at an endpoint for access to a first application remotely hostedon a network; with a local security agent executing on the endpoint,mapping the first application to a fully qualified domain name for agateway for the first application; and, with the local security agentexecuting on the endpoint, if the endpoint has established an encryptedtunnel to the gateway for a second application, multiplexingcommunications with the first application and the second applicationthrough the encrypted tunnel, and, if the endpoint does not have theencrypted tunnel to the gateway, creating the encrypted tunnel to thegateway for the first application.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Auser on the endpoint may be authenticated to the application using thelocal security agent of the endpoint in communication with a remotethreat management facility. Use of the application by the endpoint maybe managed according to a security policy locally managed on theendpoint by the local security agent in communication with a remotethreat management facility. The gateway may be a zero trust networkaccess gateway for the first application. The method may furtherinclude, with the local security agent executing on the endpoint,performing the steps of: receiving a request at the endpoint for accessto a third application remotely hosted through a second zero trustnetwork access gateway geographically remote from the zero trust networkaccess gateway for the first application; mapping the third applicationto a fully qualified domain name for the second zero trust networkaccess gateway; and creating a second encrypted tunnel forcommunications with the third application. The method may furtherinclude storing with the local security agent a mapping of a pluralityof applications to a plurality of fully qualified domain names for zerotrust network access gateways for the plurality of applications. Themethod may further include updating the mapping remotely from a threatmanagement facility for an enterprise network associated with theendpoint. The local security agent may include an agent forbrowser-based access to zero trust network access applications. Themethod may further include managing a security policy for use of thefirst application and the second application at an application layer onthe gateway. The method may further include concurrently providing auser interface for each of the first application and the secondapplication on the endpoint.

In one aspect, a zero trust network access (ZTNA) system disclosedherein may include: an endpoint, the endpoint including a localapplication with a first tunnel interface locally coupled to a ZTNAagent executing on the endpoint, the ZTNA agent further including aWebSocket client; a ZTNA gateway coupled to the ZTNA agent of theendpoint through a WebSocket server executing on the ZTNA gateway, theZTNA gateway configured to authenticate the endpoint for access toapplications managed by an enterprise; a ZTNA application coupled to theWebSocket server of the ZTNA gateway through a second tunnel interface,thereby forming a secure connection between the local application on theendpoint and the ZTNA application hosted through the ZTNA gateway; and athreat management facility coupled in a communicating relationship tothe ZTNA agent and the ZTNA gateway, the threat management facilityconfigured to manage a security policy for use of the ZTNA applicationby users associated with the enterprise.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. TheZTNA agent may be configured to couple through a data network to two ormore ZTNA applications hosted by two or more ZTNA gateways deployed atseparate network locations. The ZTNA gateway may be a virtual applianceexecuting on a cloud computing platform.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of thedevices, systems, and methods described herein will be apparent from thefollowing description of particular embodiments thereof, as illustratedin the accompanying drawings. The drawings are not necessarily to scale,emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of thedevices, systems, and methods described herein.

FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of a threat management system.

FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of a threat management system.

FIG. 3 shows a system for enterprise network threat detection.

FIG. 4 illustrates a threat management system.

FIG. 5 shows a threat management facility in a zero trust network accessenvironment.

FIG. 6 illustrates a method for authenticating a user for access to anapplication.

FIG. 7 shows an environment for authenticating a user at a browser foraccess to an application.

FIG. 8 shows a method for using intermediate representations of securitypolicies.

FIG. 9 illustrates a policy file.

FIG. 10 illustrates a parser grammar set for a security policy.

FIG. 11 illustrates a user interface for configuring security policies.

FIG. 12 illustrates a method for automatically updating a cluster ofnetwork devices.

FIG. 13 shows a system for updating network appliances.

FIG. 14 illustrates a user interface for updating network appliances.

FIG. 15 shows a cluster of compute instances.

FIG. 16 shows a method for rolling back software in a cluster of computeinstances.

FIG. 17 shows a method for updating the network configuration for acluster of nodes operating as a network appliance such as a gateway forzero trust network access (ZTNA) resources.

FIG. 18 shows an endpoint coupled to multiple application gateways.

FIG. 19 shows a threat management facility for a ZTNA system.

FIG. 20 illustrates a sequence diagram for access and use of remotelyhosted applications.

FIG. 21 shows a method for using distributed ZTNA resources.

FIG. 22 illustrates an endpoint in a ZTNA system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanyingfigures. The foregoing may, however, be embodied in many different formsand should not be construed as limited to the illustrated embodimentsset forth herein.

All documents mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference intheir entirety. References to items in the singular should be understoodto include items in the plural, and vice versa, unless explicitly statedotherwise or clear from the text. Grammatical conjunctions are intendedto express any and all disjunctive and conjunctive combinations ofconjoined clauses, sentences, words, and the like, unless otherwisestated or clear from the context. Thus, the term “or” should generallybe understood to mean “and/or” and so forth.

Recitation of ranges of values herein are not intended to be limiting,referring instead individually to any and all values falling within therange, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value withinsuch a range is incorporated into the specification as if it wereindividually recited herein. The words “about,” “approximately” or thelike, when accompanying a numerical value, are to be construed asindicating a deviation as would be appreciated by one of ordinary skillin the art to operate satisfactorily for an intended purpose. Similarly,words of approximation such as “approximately” or “substantially” whenused in reference to physical characteristics, should be understood tocontemplate a range of deviations that would be appreciated by one ofordinary skill in the art to operate satisfactorily for a correspondinguse, function, purpose, or the like. Ranges of values and/or numericvalues are provided herein as examples only, and do not constitute alimitation on the scope of the described embodiments. Where ranges ofvalues are provided, they are also intended to include each value withinthe range as if set forth individually, unless expressly stated to thecontrary. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language(“e.g.,” “such as,” or the like) provided herein, is intended merely tobetter illuminate the embodiments and does not pose a limitation on thescope of the embodiments. No language in the specification should beconstrued as indicating any unclaimed element as essential to thepractice of the embodiments.

In the following description, it is understood that terms such as“first,” “second,” “top,” “bottom,” “up,” “down,” and the like, arewords of convenience and are not to be construed as limiting terms.

It should also be understood that endpoints, devices, compute instances,or the like that are referred to as “within” an enterprise network mayalso be “associated with” the enterprise network, e.g., where suchassets are outside an enterprise gateway but nonetheless managed by orin communication with a threat management facility or other centralizedsecurity platform for the enterprise network. Thus, any descriptionreferring to an asset within the enterprise network should be understoodto contemplate a similar asset associated with the enterprise networkregardless of location in a network environment unless a differentmeaning is explicitly provided or otherwise clear from the context.

As described herein, a threat management system may use a Sensor,Events, Analytics, and Response (SEAR) approach to protect enterprisesagainst cybersecurity threats.

FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of a threat management system 101providing protection against a plurality of threats, such as malware,viruses, spyware, cryptoware, adware, Trojans, spam, intrusion, policyabuse, improper configuration, vulnerabilities, improper access,uncontrolled access, and more. A threat management facility 100 maycommunicate with, coordinate, and control operation of securityfunctionality at different control points, layers, and levels within thesystem 101. A number of capabilities may be provided by a threatmanagement facility 100, with an overall goal to intelligently use thebreadth and depth of information that is available about the operationand activity of compute instances and networks as well as a variety ofavailable controls. Another overall goal is to provide protection neededby an organization that is dynamic and able to adapt to changes incompute instances and new threats. In embodiments, the threat managementfacility 100 may provide protection from a variety of threats to avariety of compute instances in a variety of locations and networkconfigurations.

Just as one example, users of the threat management facility 100 maydefine and enforce policies that control access to and use of computeinstances, networks and data. Administrators may update policies such asby designating authorized users and conditions for use and access. Thethreat management facility 100 may update and enforce those policies atvarious levels of control that are available, such as by directingcompute instances to control the network traffic that is allowed totraverse firewalls and wireless access points, applications, and dataavailable from servers, applications and data permitted to be accessedby endpoints, and network resources and data permitted to be run andused by endpoints. The threat management facility 100 may provide manydifferent services, and policy management may be offered as one of theservices.

Turning to a description of certain capabilities and components of thethreat management system 101, an exemplary enterprise facility 102 maybe or may include any networked computer-based infrastructure. Forexample, the enterprise facility 102 may be corporate, commercial,organizational, educational, governmental, or the like. As home networksget more complicated and include more compute instances at home and inthe cloud, an enterprise facility 102 may also or instead include apersonal network such as a home or a group of homes. The enterprisefacility's 102 computer network may be distributed amongst a pluralityof physical premises such as buildings on a campus and located in one orin a plurality of geographical locations. The configuration of theenterprise facility as shown is merely exemplary, and it will beunderstood that there may be any number of compute instances, less ormore of each type of compute instances, and other types of computeinstances. As shown, the exemplary enterprise facility includes afirewall 10, a wireless access point 11, an endpoint 12, a server 14, amobile device 16, an appliance or IOT device 18, a cloud computinginstance 19, and a server 20. Again, the compute instances 10-20depicted are exemplary, and there may be any number or types of computeinstances 10-20 in a given enterprise facility. For example, in additionto the elements depicted in the enterprise facility 102, there may beone or more gateways, bridges, wired networks, wireless networks,virtual private networks, other compute instances, and so on.

The threat management facility 100 may include certain facilities, suchas a policy management facility 112, security management facility 122,update facility 120, definitions facility 114, network access rulesfacility 124, remedial action facility 128, detection techniquesfacility 130, application protection facility 150, asset classificationfacility 160, entity model facility 162, event collection facility 164,event logging facility 166, analytics facility 168, dynamic policiesfacility 170, identity management facility 172, and marketplacemanagement facility 174, as well as other facilities. For example, theremay be a testing facility, a threat research facility, and otherfacilities. It should be understood that the threat management facility100 may be implemented in whole or in part on a number of differentcompute instances, with some parts of the threat management facility ondifferent compute instances in different locations. For example, thethreat management facility 100 may include, or may be connected to asecurity agent S such as a local security agent deployed on one or moreother entities within the threat management system 101. The facilitiesof the threat management facility 100, and/or a security agent Stherefor, may be deployed on the same physical hardware or logicalresource as a gateway for an enterprise facility 102, a firewall 10, orwireless access point 11. Some or all of one or more of the facilitiesmay be provided on one or more cloud servers that are operated by theenterprise or by a security service provider, such as the cloudcomputing instance 109.

In embodiments, a marketplace provider 199 may make available one ormore additional facilities to the enterprise facility 102 via the threatmanagement facility 100. The marketplace provider may communicate withthe threat management facility 100 via the marketplace interfacefacility 174 to provide additional functionality or capabilities to thethreat management facility 100 and compute instances 10-26. Asnon-limiting examples, the marketplace provider 199 may be a third-partyinformation provider, such as a physical security event provider; themarketplace provider 199 may be a system provider, such as a humanresources system provider or a fraud detection system provider; themarketplace provider may be a specialized analytics provider; and so on.The marketplace provider 199, with appropriate permissions andauthorization, may receive and send events, observations, inferences,controls, convictions, policy violations, or other information to thethreat management facility. For example, the marketplace provider 199may subscribe to and receive certain events, and in response, based onthe received events and other events available to the marketplaceprovider 199, send inferences to the marketplace interface, and in turnto the analytics facility 168, which in turn may be used by the securitymanagement facility 122.

The identity provider 158 may be any remote identity management systemor the like configured to communicate with an identity managementfacility 172, e.g., to confirm identity of a user as well as provide orreceive other information about users that may be useful to protectagainst threats. In general, the identity provider may be any system orentity that creates, maintains, and manages identity information forprincipals while providing authentication services to relying partyapplications, e.g., within a federation or distributed network. Theidentity provider may, for example, offer user authentication as aservice, where other applications, such as web applications, outsourcethe user authentication step to a trusted identity provider.

In embodiments, the identity provider 158 may provide user identityinformation, such as multi-factor authentication, to a SaaS application.Centralized identity providers such as Microsoft Azure, may be used byan enterprise facility instead of maintaining separate identityinformation for each application or group of applications, and as acentralized point for integrating multifactor authentication. Inembodiments, the identity management facility 172 may communicatehygiene, or security risk information, to the identity provider 158. Theidentity management facility 172 may determine a risk score for a userbased on the events, observations, and inferences about that user andthe compute instances associated with the user. If a user is perceivedas risky, the identity management facility 172 can inform the identityprovider 158, and the identity provider 158 may take steps to addressthe potential risk, such as to confirm the identity of the user, confirmthat the user has approved the SaaS application access, remediate theuser's system, or such other steps as may be useful.

In embodiments, threat protection provided by the threat managementfacility 100 may extend beyond the network boundaries of the enterprisefacility 102 to include clients (or client facilities) such as anendpoint 22 outside the enterprise facility 102, a mobile device 26, acloud computing instance 109, or any other devices, services or the likethat use network connectivity not directly associated with or controlledby the enterprise facility 102, such as a mobile network, a public cloudnetwork, or a wireless network at a hotel or coffee shop. While threatsmay come from a variety of sources, such as from network threats,physical proximity threats, secondary location threats, the computeinstances 10-26 may be protected from threats even when a computeinstance 10-26 is not connected to the enterprise facility 102 network,such as when compute instances 22, 26 use a network that is outside ofthe enterprise facility 102 and separated from the enterprise facility102, e.g., by a gateway, a public network, and so forth.

In some implementations, compute instances 10-26 may communicate withcloud applications, such as a SaaS application 156. The SaaS application156 may be an application that is used by but not operated by theenterprise facility 102. Exemplary commercially available SaaSapplications 156 include Salesforce, Amazon Web Services (AWS)applications, Google Apps applications, Microsoft Office 365applications and so on. A given SaaS application 156 may communicatewith an identity provider 158 to verify user identity consistent withthe requirements of the enterprise facility 102. The compute instances10-26 may communicate with an unprotected server (not shown) such as aweb site or a third-party application through an internetwork 154 suchas the Internet or any other public network, private network, orcombination of these.

In embodiments, aspects of the threat management facility 100 may beprovided as a stand-alone solution. In other embodiments, aspects of thethreat management facility 100 may be integrated into a third-partyproduct. An application programming interface (e.g., a source codeinterface) may be provided such that aspects of the threat managementfacility 100 may be integrated into or used by or with otherapplications. For instance, the threat management facility 100 may bestand-alone in that it provides direct threat protection to anenterprise or computer resource, where protection is subscribed todirectly 100. Alternatively, the threat management facility may offerprotection indirectly, through a third-party product, where anenterprise may subscribe to services through the third-party product,and threat protection to the enterprise may be provided by the threatmanagement facility 100 through the third-party product.

The security management facility 122 may provide protection from avariety of threats by providing, as non-limiting examples, endpointsecurity and control, email security and control, web security andcontrol, reputation-based filtering, machine learning classification,control of unauthorized users, control of guest and non-compliantcomputers, and more.

The security management facility 122 may provide malicious codeprotection to a compute instance. The security management facility 122may include functionality to scan applications, files, and data formalicious code, remove or quarantine applications and files, preventcertain actions, perform remedial actions, as well as other securitymeasures. Scanning may use any of a variety of techniques, includingwithout limitation signatures, identities, classifiers, and othersuitable scanning techniques. In embodiments, the scanning may includescanning some or all files on a periodic basis, scanning an applicationwhen the application is executed, scanning data transmitted to or from adevice, scanning in response to predetermined actions or combinations ofactions, and so forth. The scanning of applications, files, and data maybe performed to detect known or unknown malicious code or unwantedapplications. Aspects of the malicious code protection may be provided,for example, in the security agent of an endpoint 12, in a wirelessaccess point 11 or firewall 10, as part of application protection 150provided by the cloud, and so on.

In an embodiment, the security management facility 122 may provide foremail security and control, for example to target spam, viruses,spyware, and phishing, to control email content, and the like. Emailsecurity and control may protect against inbound and outbound threats,protect email infrastructure, prevent data leakage, provide spamfiltering, and more. Aspects of the email security and control may beprovided, for example, in the security agent of an endpoint 12, in awireless access point 11 or firewall 10, as part of applicationprotection 150 provided by the cloud, and so on.

In an embodiment, security management facility 122 may provide for websecurity and control, for example, to detect or block viruses, spyware,malware, unwanted applications, help control web browsing, and the like,which may provide comprehensive web access control enabling safe,productive web browsing. Web security and control may provide Internetuse policies, reporting on suspect compute instances, security andcontent filtering, active monitoring of network traffic, URI filtering,and the like. Aspects of the web security and control may be provided,for example, in the security agent of an endpoint 12, in a wirelessaccess point 11 or firewall 10, as part of application protection 150provided by the cloud, and so on.

In an embodiment, the security management facility 122 may provide fornetwork access control, which generally controls access to and use ofnetwork connections. Network control may stop unauthorized, guest, ornon-compliant systems from accessing networks, and may control networktraffic that is not otherwise controlled at the client level. Inaddition, network access control may control access to virtual privatenetworks (VPN), where VPNs may, for example, include communicationsnetworks tunneled through other networks and establishing logicalconnections acting as virtual networks. In embodiments, a VPN may betreated in the same manner as a physical network. Aspects of networkaccess control may be provided, for example, in the security agent of anendpoint 12, in a wireless access point 11 or firewall 10, as part ofapplication protection 150 provided by the cloud, e.g., from the threatmanagement facility 100 or other network resource(s).

In an embodiment, the security management facility 122 may provide forhost intrusion prevention through behavioral monitoring and/or runtimemonitoring, which may guard against unknown threats by analyzingapplication behavior before or as an application runs. This may includemonitoring code behavior, application programming interface calls madeto libraries or to the operating system, or otherwise monitoringapplication activities. Monitored activities may include, for example,reading and writing to memory, reading and writing to disk, networkcommunication, process interaction, and so on. Behavior and runtimemonitoring may intervene if code is deemed to be acting in a manner thatis suspicious or malicious. Aspects of behavior and runtime monitoringmay be provided, for example, in the security agent of an endpoint 12,in a wireless access point 11 or firewall 10, as part of applicationprotection 150 provided by the cloud, and so on.

In an embodiment, the security management facility 122 may provide forreputation filtering, which may target or identify sources of knownmalware. For instance, reputation filtering may include lists of URIs ofknown sources of malware or known suspicious IP addresses, code authors,code signers, or domains, that when detected may invoke an action by thethreat management facility 100. Based on reputation, potential threatsources may be blocked, quarantined, restricted, monitored, or somecombination of these, before an exchange of data can be made. Aspects ofreputation filtering may be provided, for example, in the security agentof an endpoint 12, in a wireless access point 11 or firewall 10, as partof application protection 150 provided by the cloud, and so on. Inembodiments, some reputation information may be stored on a computeinstance 10-26, and other reputation data available through cloudlookups to an application protection lookup database, such as may beprovided by application protection 150.

In embodiments, information may be sent from the enterprise facility 102to a third party, such as a security vendor, or the like, which may leadto improved performance of the threat management facility 100. Ingeneral, feedback may be useful for any aspect of threat detection. Forexample, the types, times, and number of virus interactions that anenterprise facility 102 experiences may provide useful information forthe preventions of future virus threats. Feedback may also be associatedwith behaviors of individuals within the enterprise, such as beingassociated with most common violations of policy, network access,unauthorized application loading, unauthorized external device use, andthe like. In embodiments, feedback may enable the evaluation orprofiling of client actions that are violations of policy that mayprovide a predictive model for the improvement of enterprise policies.

An update management facility 90 may provide control over when updatesare performed. The updates may be automatically transmitted, manuallytransmitted, or some combination of these. Updates may include software,definitions, reputations or other code or data that may be useful to thevarious facilities. For example, the update facility 120 may managereceiving updates from a provider, distribution of updates to enterprisefacility 102 networks and compute instances, or the like. Inembodiments, updates may be provided to the enterprise facility's 102network, where one or more compute instances on the enterprisefacility's 102 network may distribute updates to other computeinstances.

The threat management facility 100 may include a policy managementfacility 112 that manages rules or policies for the enterprise facility102. Exemplary rules include access permissions associated withnetworks, applications, compute instances, users, content, data, and thelike. The policy management facility 112 may use a database, a textfile, other data store, or a combination to store policies. In anembodiment, a policy database may include a block list, a blacklist, anallowed list, a whitelist, and more. As a few non-limiting examples,policies may include a list of enterprise facility 102 external networklocations/applications that may or may not be accessed by computeinstances, a list of types/classifications of network locations orapplications that may or may not be accessed by compute instances, andcontextual rules to evaluate whether the lists apply. For example, theremay be a rule that does not permit access to sporting websites. When awebsite is requested by the client facility, a security managementfacility 122 may access the rules within a policy facility to determineif the requested access is related to a sporting website.

The policy management facility 112 may include access rules and policiesthat are distributed to maintain control of access by the computeinstances 10-26 to network resources. Exemplary policies may be definedfor an enterprise facility, application type, subset of applicationcapabilities, organization hierarchy, compute instance type, user type,network location, time of day, connection type, or any other suitabledefinition. Policies may be maintained through the threat managementfacility 100, in association with a third party, or the like. Forexample, a policy may restrict instant messaging (IM) activity bylimiting such activity to support personnel when communicating withcustomers. More generally, this may allow communication for departmentsas necessary or helpful for department functions, but may otherwisepreserve network bandwidth for other activities by restricting the useof IM to personnel that need access for a specific purpose. In anembodiment, the policy management facility 112 may be a stand-aloneapplication, may be part of the network server facility 142, may be partof the enterprise facility 102 network, may be part of the clientfacility, or any suitable combination of these.

The policy management facility 112 may include dynamic policies that usecontextual or other information to make security decisions. As describedherein, the dynamic policies facility 170 may generate policiesdynamically based on observations and inferences made by the analyticsfacility. The dynamic policies generated by the dynamic policy facility170 may be provided by the policy management facility 112 to thesecurity management facility 122 for enforcement.

In embodiments, the threat management facility 100 may provideconfiguration management as an aspect of the policy management facility112, the security management facility 122, or some combination.Configuration management may define acceptable or requiredconfigurations for the compute instances 10-26, applications, operatingsystems, hardware, or other assets, and manage changes to theseconfigurations. Assessment of a configuration may be made againststandard configuration policies, detection of configuration changes,remediation of improper configurations, application of newconfigurations, and so on. An enterprise facility may have a set ofstandard configuration rules and policies for particular computeinstances which may represent a desired state of the compute instance.For example, on a given compute instance 9, 14, 18, a version of aclient firewall may be required to be running and installed. If therequired version is installed but in a disabled state, the policyviolation may prevent access to data or network resources. A remediationmay be to enable the firewall. In another example, a configurationpolicy may disallow the use of USB disks, and policy management 112 mayrequire a configuration that turns off USB drive access via a registrykey of a compute instance. Aspects of configuration management may beprovided, for example, in the security agent of an endpoint 12, in awireless access point 11 or firewall 10, as part of applicationprotection 150 provided by the cloud, or any combination of these.

In embodiments, the threat management facility 100 may also provide forthe isolation or removal of certain applications that are not desired ormay interfere with the operation of a compute instance 10-26 or thethreat management facility 100, even if such application is not malwareper se. The operation of such products may be considered a configurationviolation. The removal of such products may be initiated automaticallywhenever such products are detected, or access to data and networkresources may be restricted when they are installed and running. In thecase where such applications are services which are provided indirectlythrough a third-party product, the applicable application or processesmay be suspended until action is taken to remove or disable thethird-party product.

The policy management facility 112 may also require update management(e.g., as provided by the update facility 120). Update management forthe security facility 92 and policy management facility 112 may beprovided directly by the threat management facility 100, or, forexample, by a hosted system. In embodiments, the threat managementfacility 100 may also provide for patch management, where a patch may bean update to an operating system, an application, a system tool, or thelike, where one of the reasons for the patch is to reduce vulnerabilityto threats.

In embodiments, the security facility 92 and policy management facility112 may push information to the enterprise facility 102 network and/orthe compute instances 10-26, the enterprise facility 102 network and/orcompute instances 10-26 may pull information from the security facility92 and policy management facility 112, or there may be a combination ofpushing and pulling of information. For example, the enterprise facility102 network and/or compute instances 10-26 may pull update informationfrom the security facility 92 and policy management facility 112 via theupdate facility 120, an update request may be based on a time period, bya certain time, by a date, on demand, or the like. In another example,the security facility 92 and policy management facility 112 may push theinformation to the enterprise facility's 102 network and/or computeinstances 10-26 by providing notification that there are updatesavailable for download and/or transmitting the information. In anembodiment, the policy management facility 112 and the security facility92 may work in concert with the update management facility 90 to provideinformation to the enterprise facility's 102 network and/or computeinstances 10-26. In various embodiments, policy updates, securityupdates and other updates may be provided by the same or differentmodules, which may be the same or separate from a security agent runningon one of the compute instances 10-26.

As threats are identified and characterized, the definition facility 114of the threat management facility 100 may manage definitions used todetect and remediate threats. For example, identity definitions may beused for scanning files, applications, data streams, etc. for thedetermination of malicious code. Identity definitions may includeinstructions and data that can be parsed and acted upon for recognizingfeatures of known or potentially malicious code. Definitions also mayinclude, for example, code or data to be used in a classifier, such as aneural network or other classifier that may be trained using machinelearning. Updated code or data may be used by the classifier to classifythreats. In embodiments, the threat management facility 100 and thecompute instances 10-26 may be provided with new definitionsperiodically to include most recent threats. Updating of definitions maybe managed by the update facility 120, and may be performed upon requestfrom one of the compute instances 10-26, upon a push, or somecombination. Updates may be performed upon a time period, on demand froma device 10-26, upon determination of an important new definition or anumber of definitions, and so on.

A threat research facility (not shown) may provide a continuouslyongoing effort to maintain the threat protection capabilities of thethreat management facility 100 in light of continuous generation of newor evolved forms of malware. Threat research may be provided byresearchers and analysts working on known threats, in the form ofpolicies, definitions, remedial actions, and so on.

The security management facility 122 may scan an outgoing file andverify that the outgoing file is permitted to be transmitted accordingto policies. By checking outgoing files, the security managementfacility 122 may be able discover threats that were not detected on oneof the compute instances 10-26, or policy violation, such transmittal ofinformation that should not be communicated unencrypted.

The threat management facility 100 may control access to the enterprisefacility 102 networks. A network access facility 94 may restrict accessto certain applications, networks, files, printers, servers, databases,and so on. In addition, the network access facility 94 may restrict useraccess under certain conditions, such as the user's location, usagehistory, need to know, job position, connection type, time of day,method of authentication, client-system configuration, or the like.Network access policies may be provided by the policy managementfacility 112, and may be developed by the enterprise facility 102, orpre-packaged by a supplier. Network access facility 94 may determine ifa given compute instance 10-22 should be granted access to a requestednetwork location, e.g., inside or outside of the enterprise facility102. Network access facility 94 may determine if a compute instance 22,26 such as a device outside the enterprise facility 102 may access theenterprise facility 102. For example, in some cases, the policies mayrequire that when certain policy violations are detected, certainnetwork access is denied. The network access facility 94 may communicateremedial actions that are necessary or helpful to bring a device backinto compliance with policy as described below with respect to theremedial action facility 128. Aspects of the network access facility 94may be provided, for example, in the security agent of the endpoint 12,in a wireless access point 11, in a firewall 10, as part of applicationprotection 150 provided by the cloud, and so on.

In an embodiment, the network access facility 94 may have access topolicies that include one or more of a block list, an allowed list, anunacceptable network site database, an acceptable network site database,a network site reputation database, or the like of network accesslocations that may or may not be accessed by the client facility.Additionally, the network access facility 94 may use rule evaluation toparse network access requests and apply policies. The network accessrule facility 94 may have a generic set of policies for all computeinstances, such as denying access to certain types of websites,controlling instant messenger accesses, or the like. Rule evaluation mayinclude regular expression rule evaluation, or other rule evaluationmethod(s) for interpreting the network access request and comparing theinterpretation to established rules for network access. Classifiers maybe used, such as neural network classifiers or other classifiers thatmay be trained by machine learning.

The threat management facility 100 may include an asset classificationfacility 160. The asset classification facility will discover the assetspresent in the enterprise facility 102. A compute instance such as anyof the compute instances 10-26 described herein may be characterized asa stack of assets. The one level asset is an item of physical hardware.The compute instance may be, or may be implemented on physical hardware,and may have or may not have a hypervisor, or may be an asset managed bya hypervisor. The compute instance may have an operating system (e.g.,Windows, MacOS, Linux, Android, iOS). The compute instance may have oneor more layers of containers. The compute instance may have one or moreapplications, which may be native applications, e.g., for a physicalasset or virtual machine, or running in containers within a computingenvironment on a physical asset or virtual machine, and thoseapplications may link libraries or other code or the like, e.g., for auser interface, cryptography, communications, device drivers,mathematical or analytical functions and so forth. The stack may alsointeract with data. The stack may also or instead interact with users,and so users may be considered assets.

The threat management facility may include entity models 162. The entitymodels may be used, for example, to determine the events that aregenerated by assets. For example, some operating systems may provideuseful information for detecting or identifying events. For examples,operating systems may provide process and usage information thataccessed through an API. As another example, it may be possible toinstrument certain containers to monitor the activity of applicationsrunning on them. As another example, entity models for users may defineroles, groups, permitted activities and other attributes.

The event collection facility 164 may be used to collect events from anyof a wide variety of sensors that may provide relevant events from anasset, such as sensors on any of the compute instances 10-26, theapplication protection facility 150, a cloud computing instance 109 andso on. The events that may be collected may be determined by the entitymodels. There may be a variety of events collected. Events may include,for example, events generated by the enterprise facility 102 or thecompute instances 10-26, such as by monitoring streaming data through agateway such as firewall 10 and wireless access point 11, monitoringactivity of compute instances, monitoring stored files/data on thecompute instances 10-26 such as desktop computers, laptop computers,other mobile computing devices, and cloud computing instances 19, 109.Events may range in granularity. An exemplary event may be communicationof a specific packet over the network. Another exemplary event may beidentification of an application that is communicating over a network.

The event logging facility 166 may be used to store events collected bythe event collection facility 164. The event logging facility 166 maystore collected events so that they can be accessed and analyzed by theanalytics facility 168. Some events may be collected locally, and someevents may be communicated to an event store in a central location orcloud facility. Events may be logged in any suitable format.

Events collected by the event logging facility 166 may be used by theanalytics facility 168 to make inferences and observations about theevents. These observations and inferences may be used as part ofpolicies enforced by the security management facility Observations orinferences about events may also be logged by the event logging facility166.

When a threat or other policy violation is detected by the securitymanagement facility 122, the remedial action facility 128 may be used toremediate the threat. Remedial action may take a variety of forms,non-limiting examples including collecting additional data about thethreat, terminating or modifying an ongoing process or interaction,sending a warning to a user or administrator, downloading a data filewith commands, definitions, instructions, or the like to remediate thethreat, requesting additional information from the requesting device,such as the application that initiated the activity of interest,executing a program or application to remediate against a threat orviolation, increasing telemetry or recording interactions for subsequentevaluation, (continuing to) block requests to a particular networklocation or locations, scanning a requesting application or device,quarantine of a requesting application or the device, isolation of therequesting application or the device, deployment of a sandbox, blockingaccess to resources, e.g., a USB port, or other remedial actions. Moregenerally, the remedial action facility 92 may take any steps or deployany measures suitable for addressing a detection of a threat, potentialthreat, policy violation or other event, code or activity that mightcompromise security of a computing instance 10-26 or the enterprisefacility 102.

FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of a threat management system 201 such asany of the threat management systems described herein, and including acloud enterprise facility 280. The cloud enterprise facility 280 mayinclude servers 284, 286, and a firewall 282. The servers 284, 286 onthe cloud enterprise facility 280 may run one or more enterpriseapplications and make them available to the enterprise facilities 102compute instances 10-26. It should be understood that there may be anynumber of servers 284, 286 and firewalls 282, as well as other computeinstances in a given cloud enterprise facility 280. It also should beunderstood that a given enterprise facility may use both SaaSapplications 156 and cloud enterprise facilities 280, or, for example, aSaaS application 156 may be deployed on a cloud enterprise facility 280.As such, the configurations in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 are shown by way ofexamples and not exclusive alternatives.

FIG. 3 shows a system 300 for enterprise network threat detection. Thesystem 300 may use any of the various tools and techniques for threatmanagement contemplated herein. In the system, a number of endpointssuch as the endpoint 302 may log events in a data recorder 304. A localagent on the endpoint 302 such as the security agent 306 may filter thisdata and feeds a filtered data stream to a threat management facility308 such as a central threat management facility or any of the otherthreat management facilities described herein. The threat managementfacility 308 can locally or globally tune filtering by local agentsbased on the current data stream and can query local event datarecorders for additional information where necessary or helpful inthreat detection or forensic analysis. The threat management facility308 may also or instead store and deploys a number of security toolssuch as a web-based user interface that is supported by machine learningmodels to aid in the identification and assessment of potential threatsby a human user. This may, for example, include machine learninganalysis of new code samples, models to provide human-readable contextfor evaluating potential threats, and any of the other tools ortechniques described herein. More generally, the threat managementfacility 308 may provide any of a variety of threat management tools 316to aid in the detection, evaluation, and remediation of threats orpotential threats.

The threat management facility 308 may perform a range of threatmanagement functions such as any of those described herein. The threatmanagement facility 308 may generally include an application programminginterface 310 to third party services 320, a user interface 312 foraccess to threat management and network administration functions, and anumber of threat detection tools 314.

In general, the application programming interface 310 may supportprogrammatic connections with third party services 320. The applicationprogramming interface 310 may, for example, connect to Active Directoryor other customer information about files, data storage, identities anduser profiles, roles, access privileges and so forth. More generally theapplication programming interface 310 may provide a programmaticinterface for customer or other third party context, information,administration and security tools, and so forth. The applicationprogramming interface 310 may also or instead provide a programmaticinterface for hosted applications, identity provider integration toolsor services, and so forth.

The user interface 312 may include a website or other graphicalinterface or the like, and may generally provide an interface for userinteraction with the threat management facility 308, e.g., for threatdetection, network administration, audit, configuration and so forth.This user interface 312 may generally facilitate human curation ofintermediate threats as contemplated herein, e.g., by presentingintermediate threats along with other supplemental information, andproviding controls for user to dispose of such intermediate threats asdesired, e.g., by permitting execution or access, by denying executionor access, or by engaging in remedial measures such as sandboxing,quarantining, vaccinating, and so forth.

The threat detection tools 314 may be any of the threat detection tools,algorithms, techniques or the like described herein, or any other toolsor the like useful for detecting threats or potential threats within anenterprise network. This may, for example, include signature basedtools, behavioral tools, machine learning models, and so forth. Ingeneral, the threat detection tools 314 may use event data provided byendpoints within the enterprise network, as well as any other availablecontext such as network activity, heartbeats, and so forth to detectmalicious software or potentially unsafe conditions for a network orendpoints connected to the network. In one aspect, the threat detectiontools 314 may usefully integrate event data from a number of endpoints(including, e.g., network components such as gateways, routers, andfirewalls) for improved threat detection in the context of complex ordistributed threats. The threat detection tools 314 may also or insteadinclude tools for reporting to a separate modeling and analysis platform318, e.g., to support further investigation of security issues, creationor refinement of threat detection models or algorithms, review andanalysis of security breaches, and so forth.

The threat management tools 316 may generally be used to manage orremediate threats to the enterprise network that have been identifiedwith the threat detection tools 314 or otherwise. Threat managementtools 316 may, for example, include tools for sandboxing, quarantining,removing, or otherwise remediating or managing malicious code ormalicious activity, e.g., using any of the techniques described herein.

The endpoint 302 may be any of the endpoints or other compute instancesor the like described herein. This may, for example, include end-usercomputing devices, mobile devices, firewalls, gateways, servers, routersand any other computing devices or instances that might connect to anenterprise network. As described above, the endpoint 302 may generallyinclude a security agent 306 that locally supports threat management onthe endpoint 302, such as by monitoring for malicious activity, managingsecurity components on the endpoint 302, maintaining policy compliance,and communicating with the threat management facility 308 to supportintegrated security protection as contemplated herein. The securityagent 306 may, for example, coordinate instrumentation of the endpoint302 to detect various event types involving various computing objects onthe endpoint 302, and supervise logging of events in a data recorder304. The security agent 306 may also or instead scan computing objectssuch as electronic communications or files, monitor behavior ofcomputing objects such as executables, and so forth. The security agent306 may, for example, apply signature-based or behavioral threatdetection techniques, machine learning models (e.g., models developed bythe modeling and analysis platform), or any other tools or the likesuitable for detecting malware or potential malware on the endpoint 302.

The data recorder 304 may log events occurring on or related to theendpoint. This may, for example, include events associated withcomputing objects on the endpoint 302 such as file manipulations,software installations, and so forth. This may also or instead includeactivities directed from the endpoint 302, such as requests for contentfrom Uniform Resource Locators or other network activity involvingremote resources. The data recorder 304 may record data at any frequencyand any level of granularity consistent with proper operation of theendpoint 302 in an intended or desired manner.

The endpoint 302 may include a filter 322 to manage a flow ofinformation from the data recorder 304 to a remote resource such as thethreat detection tools 314 of the threat management facility 308. Inthis manner, a detailed log of events may be maintained locally on eachendpoint, while network resources can be conserved for reporting of afiltered event stream that contains information believed to be mostrelevant to threat detection. The filter 322 may also or instead beconfigured to report causal information that causally relatescollections of events to one another. In general, the filter 322 may beconfigurable so that, for example, the threat management facility 308can increase or decrease the level of reporting based on a currentsecurity status of the endpoint, a group of endpoints, the enterprisenetwork, and the like. The level of reporting may also or instead bebased on currently available network and computing resources, or anyother appropriate context.

In another aspect, the endpoint 302 may include a query interface 324 sothat remote resources such as the threat management facility 308 canquery the data recorder 304 remotely for additional information. Thismay include a request for specific events, activity for specificcomputing objects, or events over a specific time frame, or somecombination of these. Thus, for example, the threat management facility308 may request all changes to the registry of system information forthe past forty eight hours, all files opened by system processes in thepast day, all network connections or network communications within thepast hour, or any other parametrized request for activities monitored bythe data recorder 304. In another aspect, the entire data log, or theentire log over some predetermined window of time, may be request forfurther analysis at a remote resource.

It will be appreciated that communications among third party services320, a threat management facility 308, and one or more endpoints such asthe endpoint 302 may be facilitated by using consistent namingconventions across products and machines. For example, the system 300may usefully implement globally unique device identifiers, useridentifiers, application identifiers, data identifiers, Uniform ResourceLocators, network flows, and files. The system may also or instead usetuples to uniquely identify communications or network connections basedon, e.g., source and destination addresses and so forth.

According to the foregoing, a system disclosed herein includes anenterprise network, and endpoint coupled to the enterprise network, anda threat management facility coupled in a communicating relationshipwith the endpoint and a plurality of other endpoints through theenterprise network. The endpoint may have a data recorder that stores anevent stream of event data for computing objects, a filter for creatinga filtered event stream with a subset of event data from the eventstream, and a query interface for receiving queries to the data recorderfrom a remote resource, the endpoint further including a local securityagent configured to detect malware on the endpoint based on event datastored by the data recorder, and further configured to communicate thefiltered event stream over the enterprise network. The threat managementfacility may be configured to receive the filtered event stream from theendpoint, detect malware on the endpoint based on the filtered eventstream, and remediate the endpoint when malware is detected, the threatmanagement facility further configured to modify security functionswithin the enterprise network based on a security state of the endpoint.

The threat management facility may be configured to adjust reporting ofevent data through the filter in response to a change in the filteredevent stream received from the endpoint. The threat management facilitymay be configured to adjust reporting of event data through the filterwhen the filtered event stream indicates a compromised security state ofthe endpoint. The threat management facility may be configured to adjustreporting of event data from one or more other endpoints in response toa change in the filtered event stream received from the endpoint. Thethreat management facility may be configured to adjust reporting ofevent data through the filter when the filtered event stream indicates acompromised security state of the endpoint. The threat managementfacility may be configured to request additional data from the datarecorder when the filtered event stream indicates a compromised securitystate of the endpoint. The threat management facility may be configuredto request additional data from the data recorder when a security agentof the endpoint reports a security compromise independently from thefiltered event stream. The threat management facility may be configuredto adjust handling of network traffic at a gateway to the enterprisenetwork in response to a predetermined change in the filtered eventstream. The threat management facility may include a machine learningmodel for identifying potentially malicious activity on the endpointbased on the filtered event stream. The threat management facility maybe configured to detect potentially malicious activity based on aplurality of filtered event streams from a plurality of endpoints. Thethreat management facility may be configured to detect malware on theendpoint based on the filtered event stream and additional context forthe endpoint.

The data recorder may record one or more events from a kernel driver.The data recorder may record at least one change to a registry of systemsettings for the endpoint. The endpoints may include a server, afirewall for the enterprise network, a gateway for the enterprisenetwork, or any combination of these. The endpoint may be coupled to theenterprise network through a virtual private network or a wirelessnetwork. The endpoint may be configured to periodically transmit asnapshot of aggregated, unfiltered data from the data recorder to thethreat management facility for remote storage. The data recorder may beconfigured to delete records in the data recorder corresponding to thesnapshot in order to free memory on the endpoint for additionalrecording.

FIG. 4 illustrates a threat management system. In general, the systemmay include an endpoint 402, a firewall 404, a server 406 and a threatmanagement facility 408 coupled to one another directly or indirectlythrough a data network 405, all as generally described above. Each ofthe entities depicted in FIG. 4 may, for example, be implemented on oneor more computing devices such as the computing device described herein.A number of systems may be distributed across these various componentsto support threat detection, such as a coloring system 410, a keymanagement system 412 and a heartbeat system 414, each of which mayinclude software components executing on any of the foregoing systemcomponents, and each of which may communicate with the threat managementfacility 408 and an endpoint threat detection agent 420 executing on theendpoint 402 to support improved threat detection and remediation.

The coloring system 410 may be used to label or color software objectsfor improved tracking and detection of potentially harmful activity. Thecoloring system 410 may, for example, label files, executables,processes, network communications, data sources and so forth with anysuitable information. A variety of techniques may be used to selectstatic and/or dynamic labels for any of these various software objects,and to manage the mechanics of applying and propagating coloringinformation as appropriate. For example, a process may inherit a colorfrom an application that launches the process. Similarly, a file mayinherit a color from a process when it is created or opened by aprocess, and/or a process may inherit a color from a file that theprocess has opened. More generally, any type of labeling, as well asrules for propagating, inheriting, changing, or otherwise manipulatingsuch labels, may be used by the coloring system 410 as contemplatedherein.

The key management system 412 may support management of keys for theendpoint 402 in order to selectively permit or prevent access to contenton the endpoint 402 on a file-specific basis, a process-specific basis,an application-specific basis, a user-specific basis, or any othersuitable basis in order to prevent data leakage, and in order to supportmore fine-grained and immediate control over access to content on theendpoint 402 when a security compromise is detected. Thus, for example,if a particular process executing on the endpoint is compromised, orpotentially compromised or otherwise under suspicion, keys to thatprocess may be revoked in order to prevent, e.g., data leakage or othermalicious activity.

The heartbeat system 414 may be used to provide periodic or aperiodicinformation from the endpoint 402 or other system components aboutsystem health, security, status, and so forth. A heartbeat may beencrypted or plaintext, or some combination of these, and may becommunicated unidirectionally (e.g., from the endpoint 408 to the threatmanagement facility 408) or bidirectionally (e.g., between the endpoint402 and the server 406, or any other pair of system components) on anyuseful schedule.

In general, these various monitoring and management systems maycooperate to provide improved threat detection and response. Forexample, the coloring system 410 may be used to evaluate when aparticular process is potentially opening inappropriate files based onan inconsistency or mismatch in colors, and a potential threat may beconfirmed based on an interrupted heartbeat from the heartbeat system414. The key management system 412 may then be deployed to revoke keysto the process so that no further files can be opened, deleted, orotherwise modified. More generally, the cooperation of these systemsenables a wide variety of reactive measures that can improve detectionand remediation of potential threats to an endpoint.

FIG. 5 shows a threat management facility in a zero trust network access(ZTNA) environment. In a zero trust network access environment for asystem 101 such as an enterprise network, an endpoint 144 may beseparated from a protected resource 214 such as an application or datastore by a gateway 210. In general, the gateway manages access to theprotected resource 214, and the threat management facility 100 providessecurity services for the enterprise network as generally describedherein.

In embodiments, a threat management facility 100 such as any of thosedescribed herein may be adapted, may be integrated with, or may operateas a component of a system/service that provides central control ofsecurity and operational features of a ZTNA deployment. Thus, a threatmanagement facility 100 may include a ZTNA-enabled threat managementfacility that manages endpoints and resources within a ZTNA environment.As described herein, this may include management of services such as animage generation service 204 for facilitating instantiation,registration, and/or configuration of a new ZTNA gateway for providingsecure access to a protected resource 214. The protected resource 214may, for example, include an enterprise software application, a remoteservice, a cloud data storage resource, a remote database, and the like.The threat management facility 100 may, for example, include aconfiguration and policy service 208 that facilitates establishingsystem resource configuration and security policies for the enterprisenetwork.

The threat management facility 100 may communicate with other elementsof a ZTNA threat management architecture through a network, such as anenterprise network, the Internet, or the like. In one aspect, the threatmanagement facility 100 may instantiate a gateway 210 using the imagegeneration service 204 and provide polices and the like to manageoperation of the gateway 210 consistent with polices for the enterprisenetwork. The gateway 210, or portions thereof, may be instantiated forproviding secure access to a protected resource 214.

The gateway 210, as instantiated, may provide secure connectivity forclient devices, such as an endpoint 144, to a protected resource 214via, for example a WebSocket service 212 and a client access port, suchas a reverse proxy 218. The gateway 210 may facilitate establishing andmaintaining a connection with an endpoint-deployed local security agent252 that is adapted for operation in a ZTNA environment. Servicesoperating on the gateway 210 may support enterprise threat managementand access to protected resources. In general, a ZTNA environment relieson authentication of endpoints 144 on a resource-by-resource basis. Tothis end, the system 101 may include an identity provider 216 thatsupports, e.g., secure, credential-based authentication of entitieswithin the zero trust network environment.

The threat management facility 100 may include one or more of an imagegeneration service 204, a configuration and policy service 208, or aconnection integrity service 206. Each of these services are describedfurther herein. Each of these services, individually or in anycombination, may be provided by a computing system of the threatmanagement facility 100, which may be physically hosted by anenterprise, hosted in a cloud-based computing environment, or somecombination of these, and may be available to administrators and otherusers through a web server interface or the like. In one aspect,services used by the threat management facility 100 may also be deployedas protected resources within the zero trust network environment, e.g.,as applications served in a cloud-based environment within a ZTNAarchitecture. These services may perform functions described below whiletaking advantage of the security benefits of both a zero trust networkenvironment and a threat management facility 100. As an example, aconnection integrity service 206 may rely on the configuration andpolicy service 208 for connection integrity conditions and remediationactions (e.g., connection timeout limits and the like).

The threat management facility 100 may further be constructed withand/or provide access to various data storage facilities, such as agateway image data store 220 of gateway instantiation/update datastructures. A gateway registration storage facility 222 (or optionallyan extension of the image data store 220) may store gateway-specificconfiguration and/or registration images or portions thereof for use byan instantiated gateway 210 during threat management configuration,registration as a ZTNA gateway, and the like. Exemplary threatmanagement functions that may be imposed on a gateway through use of animage from the gateway registration storage facility 222 may includeautomatic loading of preconfigured threat management policies andregistration of the gateway 210 with the threat management facility 100as a component of an enterprise network management platform. As anexample, a mountable image in the gateway registration storage facility222 may be accessed by a newly instantiated gateway 210. Thisregistration storage facility 222 may also be used to store mountableimage templates, gateway registration/configuration setup scripts, rules(e.g., registration rules, gateway mountable image generation rules andthe like) as well as prior revisions of gateway instantiation-specificconfigurations and the like that may be used by, for example, the imagegeneration service 204. In embodiments, the image generation service 204may include or have access to a user interface (not depicted) throughwhich gateway images can be specified, configured, maintained, accessed,and managed by a user such as an administrator. Optionally, the imagegeneration service 204 may provide access to user interface screens,templates, workflows, and the like for use within a user interface ofthe threat management facility 100 for gateway image specification,maintenance, and the like.

In one aspect, the threat management facility 100 may include and/orprovide access to data structures for managing connection integrity,such as the connection data storage facility 224. This facility 224 mayinclude one or more lists/tables of connections between users/endpoints144 and protected resources 214. The connection data storage facility224 may also or instead include one or more of lists/tables ofdisconnections. In embodiments, the connection integrity service 206 maymaintain the data in this storage facility 224 (e.g., the exemplaryconnection and disconnection lists) for managing and/or monitoring theintegrity of connections between end users and protected resources. Inan example, data representative of a connection established through aWebSocket service of the ZTNA architecture may be stored in theconnection data storage facility 224 as one or more entries in aconnection and/or disconnection list. Other types of data that may bestored in the connection data storage facility 224 may includeconnection histories, connection integrity rules, policies, algorithms,and the like.

In embodiments, the connection integrity service 206 may interface withthe connection integrity data storage facility 224. While depicted inFIG. 5 as elements of the threat management facility 100, either or bothconnection integrity elements may be provided through one or moreservices or network resources that are external to the threat managementfacility 100. As an example, the connection integrity service 206 may bea first protected resource and the connection integrity data storagefacility 224 may be a second protected resource of a ZTNA architecture.Further, it is contemplated that various combinations of integrated andexternal elements of the threat management facility 100 can be embodied,such as an integrated connection integrity service 206 and a remotelyaccessible connection integrity data storage facility 224.

Regarding the image generation service 204, before a gateway can beregistered for providing secure connection services and/or threatmanagement services, the gateway must be configured and instantiated. Tothis end, an administrator may interface with the threat managementfacility 100 and enter/select details of the gateway. These details mayinclude, without limitation a gateway name, a Fully Qualified DomainName (FQDN), certificates, a One Time Password (OTP), identity providersto use for authentication, and the like. Depending on the deploymentplatform (e.g., VMWare, HyperV, AWS, Azure, GCP, and the like), theimage generation service 204 may be configured to generate adeployment-formatted image. Suitable image formats may, for example,include an OVF format for VMware or Hyper V or a Terraform template forAWS, Azure, or GCP. the like. The administrator can direct delivery of aconfigured image to the corresponding deployment platform for installingan instance of the gateway.

The threat management facility 100 may also provide a range ofadministrative services including configuring gateways, managingprotected resources, configuring identity providers, monitoring ZTNAappliances, creating notifications, generating reports, managing users,and the like. These and other administrative services may be performedand/or managed through one or more user interfaces provided by threatmanagement facility 100. An exemplary service is a configuration andpolicy service 208, which may handle security configuration for entitiesin a ZTNA system such as identity providers 216, gateways 210, andusers, e.g., through policy objects, application definitions, policies,and so forth. In embodiments, configuration of identity providers may bebased on enterprise policies. In general, the threat system 101 may usea single identity provider 216 for all users, or a variety of identityproviders, such as for partners, contractors, different parts of anenterprise and the like. Thus, the configuration and policy service 208may handle multiple identity provider configurations.

The configuration and policy service 208 may facilitate adding a gatewayby providing data structures that define application-to-front endsecurity, threat management policy, and related configuration details(e.g., default parameter values, static parameters, and the like). Theconfiguration and policy service 208 may also or instead use policyobjects, such as reusable objects in application policy rules. Exemplarypolicy objects include at least two types of policy objects; lists andexpressions. In embodiments, lists can be used to store sequences ofvalues, whereas expressions can store sequences of conditions to beevaluated. Other aspects of configuration and policy may includeapplication details of the protected resource, such as FQDN and/or IPaddresses, port numbers, protocols, and gateway identifiers to identifyone or more gateways to be used for accessing an application. As anexample, an application policy may include details of constraints underwhich access to an application (e.g., protected resource 214) is allowedor denied. These constraints could be based on several variablesassociated with an attempt at accessing the protected resource includingidentity of a user attempting the access, groups that the user belongsto, a device type or OS through which the user is making the accessattempt, device posture information including security status or healthstatus, and the like.

In embodiments, the gateway 210 may operate as a data plane element forthe ZTNA system, and may handle traffic destined for protected resources214 while facilitating user authentication for connecting to theresource (typically an application) as well as applying policies forauthorizing such requests. The gateway 210 may also be adapted foroperation in a managed enterprise network environment that providescentralized threat management. In embodiments, the gateway 210 mayreceive configuration, policy, threat management, and enterprise networkmanagement data from a control plane element, such as threat managementfacility 100.

The gateway 210 may be configured with a reverse proxy 218, a WebSocketservice 212, a control plane interface 230, a cloud agent 234, a LDAPsync agent 236, an update agent 240, a user portal 238, a web admin userinterface 240, and other features.

In embodiments, a reverse proxy 218 is the primary point of entry intothe gateway 210 for traffic that accesses and/or interacts with theprotected resource 214. The reverse proxy 218 provides, among otherthings, virtual host definitions for the protected resource 214 whileacting as a proxy for traffic destined for the protectedresource/application 214. In embodiments, a reverse proxy can provide asecure HTTPS connection terminus for applications, such as applicationsthat support only HTTP. The reverse proxy 218 may further coordinatewith authentication and authorization services to facilitateauthenticating users as well as verifying if a request for access isallowed based on access and/or security policies associated with theprotected resource 214.

In embodiments, a WebSocket service 212 may provide support for, amongother things, TCP/UDP/ICMP traffic applications (like SSH, RDP, SNMP,Ping etc.). The WebSocket service 212 may also support browser-basedapplication access to protected resources 214. An agent-basedinteraction with an agent operating on an endpoint may be provided fromthe gateway 210. In agent-based cases, the endpoint agent, such as alocal security agent 252 on the endpoint 144 may establish a tunnelinterface with the WebSocket service 212 of the gateway 210 so thattraffic for the protected resource 214 can be sent over an encryptedWebSocket channel. In an example, on the gateway, the reverse proxy 218may allow the WebSocket traffic to flow to the WebSocket server 212 ifthe user has been authenticated. The WebSocket server 212 may applyfurther authorization checks to see if the user is permitted access tothe protected resource 214.

Other gateway 210 services and elements may include an LDAP sync agent236 that ensures that identity information is maintained throughout thearchitecture for use by hosted identity services, such as ActiveDirectory or LDAP, and the like. In embodiments, the LDAP sync agent 236may periodically fetch relevant identity information so that allrelevant instantiated elements (e.g., the control plane and the like)can have the changes that were made since the previous sync.

In embodiments, a cloud agent module 234 may be responsible for gettingthe latest configuration from an administrative entity such as threatmanagement facility 100 as well as sending logging, reporting, andmonitoring data as needed. Upon receiving configuration data, the cloudagent module 234 may store the configuration data and send notificationsfor any related modules to reload the stored configuration data. Thecloud agent module 234 may also be responsible for translating policydefinitions to various query languages, such as to a Rego policylanguage.

The gateway 210 may be configured with a control plane service 230.Whenever a new protected resource 214 is added by the administrator or,for example, the security material (e.g., certificate and/or private keydata) for the gateway 210 is changed, the gateway 210 would need toreload the configuration. Similarly, changes in application policy wouldrequire a reload of policy data. The control plane service 230 supportsrefreshing configuration and policy for a gateway 210 through anexternal service, such as an Application Programming Interface (API). Arefresh may be based on a scheduled poll for changes, or any otherperiodic or other scheduled or ad hoc basis. The control plane service230 may support refresh including a poll-based refresh. In embodiments,the control plan service 230 may facilitate interfacing with a ZTNAcentral controller, such as threat management facility 100 as describedherein by implementing interfaces such as remote procedure call (e.g.,gRPC), representational state transfer (e.g., REST) and the like.

Another gateway element is a user portal 238. In embodiments, the userportal provides a web-based console where an authenticated user canbrowse accessible protected resources 214 as well as access them usingbookmarks. The user portal module 238 may include user interface assetsto render, for example user portal web pages as well as support backendfunctionality to provide access to the protected resources 214.

The gateway 210 may include a web administrator user interface 240. Theadministration user interface 240 may expose metrics related to thegateway 210 as well as troubleshooting interfaces useful to anadministrator or the like for investigating network usage, errormessages, log files, and the like. The user interface 240 may be exposedthrough a web server, such as one that serves HTML/JS/CSS resources.

Protected resources 214 may be accessed through an endpoint 144, such asany of the endpoints described herein. The endpoint 144 may include alocal security agent 152 also as described herein. When configured forthreat management in a ZTNA architecture, the local security agent 152may communicate with the gateway 210. A ZTNA-adapted local securityagent 252 may communicate information to the gateway 210 such as deviceposture (e.g., security and threat-related status of the endpoint, andthe like) continuously or on any periodic or aperiodic basis. Thisposture may be used for compliance with authorization policies of theenterprise network and/or the zero trust network environment, as managedby the threat management facility 100.

For legacy endpoint-executed applications 228 that may be accessingprotected resources 214, such as databases and the like, theZTNA-adapted local security agent 252 may handle both ZTNA complianceand on-endpoint application interfacing. As an example, the localsecurity agent 152 may intercept network-bound traffic from theapplication 228 and coordinate transfer of that traffic over a securechannel that it established between the endpoint 144 and the gateway 210rather than allowing the network-bound traffic to be delivered directlyover the network from the application 228. Return traffic from theprotected resource 214 may be communicated over the established securechannel to the agent 252 where it is converted to application-specificform and delivered locally to the application 228 executing on theendpoint 144.

In one aspect, a ZTNA architecture can be operated without an endpointagent, such as for web browser-based applications (e.g., web serverexecuted applications and the like that interface with the endpointthrough the browser 226) where a secure channel can be establishedbetween a web browser 226 and the gateway 210 using SSL and/or othertypes of secure tunneling. However, lack of a local agent, such as anadapted local security agent 252, may limit the extent of threatmanagement that can be performed on the endpoint 144 in a ZTNAarchitecture or the use of web-based network resources. Therefore, aZTNA-adapted local security agent 252 may be configured to providethreat and network management services (e.g., comparable to those of alocal security agent 152) for the endpoint 144 independent of the typeof client software being used on the endpoint 144, or alternatively, toprovide such services in those contexts where an application cannotindependently secure a connection to the gateway 210. In embodiments,the local security agent 252 may be configured to monitor and/or ensureenterprise threat management for both agentless (e.g., web browser like)and agent-based (e.g., native app-based) access to protected resources214 in the context of a ZTNA environment.

FIG. 6 illustrates a method for authenticating a user for access to anapplication. In a ZTNA network, users are only provided access to anapplication on the network after an identity provider has specificallyauthenticated the user for that application and granted the user access.After the user has been authenticated, a ZTNA gateway may receive anaccess token from the authenticating identity provider and send acorresponding cookie to the user's device to store the user'sauthenticated session. However, cookies typically have an expirationdate and time, after which the user will have to reauthenticate andobtain a new session cookie. The reauthentication may interrupt theuser's session, potentially interrupting the user's current interactionwith an application. It may be advantageous, then, to silentlyreauthenticate the user with authentication and refresh tokens from theidentity provider in order to extend the current session withoutinterrupting a user's experience within a current application session.

As shown in step 602, the method 600 may include accessing a gatewaythrough a network from an endpoint. A user at the endpoint may access agateway on any user device with suitable network capabilities. In someembodiments, the gateway may be a ZTNA gateway hosted on a cloudcomputing platform or any other platform suitable for hosting gatewaydevices.

As shown in step 604, the method 600 may include receiving a request atthe gateway from a user of an endpoint for access to an applicationmanaged by the gateway. The user may send an application request to thegateway for authentication. The gateway may include a reverse proxyserver to receive requests from users and to send the authenticationrequest to an authentication component at the gateway. During this time,the connection between the user and the network may be temporarilypaused.

As shown in step 606, the method 600 may include redirecting theendpoint to an identity management platform for authentication of theuser. The authentication component may initially check if a sessioncookie is already present on the endpoint and/or valid. If so, the userdoes not have to be reauthenticated. Otherwise, the gateway may directthe user with a callback URL to a session page that redirects the userto an identity management platform for authentication. The identitymanagement platform may be an identity provider that provides userauthentication services within an enterprise network, or an independentthird-party identity management platform used by the enterprise networkfor authentication functions.

As shown in step 608, the method 600 may include authenticating a userof the endpoint for access to an application through the gateway basedon user credentials managed by an identity management platform. Theidentity management platform may direct the user to a sign-in page wherethe user can enter their credentials. The identity management platformmay also prompt the user with additional security challenges such aswith multi-factor authentication using an online authenticator, emailauthentication, text message authentication, security questions/phrases,biometric authentication, one-time passcodes, or any other additionalauthentication factor(s) suitable for the desired level of security forthe application. After the user enters their credentials (and providesany additional authentication factors), the platform may determine anappropriate level of access to grant the user. For example, thedetermination may be a binary decision (yes/no). Alternatively, theplatform may assign the user a degree of access demarked by a securitylevel. The platform may then redirect the user back to the session pagewith a notification at the endpoint of the access level.

As shown in step 610, the method 600 may include receiving anauthentication token and a refresh token created by the identitymanagement platform. During the authentication process, the gateway maysend a request for an authentication token and a refresh token to theidentity management platform. The platform may issue an authenticationtoken and a refresh token to the gateway after the user successfullyauthenticates. The authentication token may be used by the gateway (orother entities) on behalf of the user to verify the user identity andobtain other user information from the identity management platform.Each authentication token has an expiration time, and the refresh tokencan be used by the gateway to fetch a new authentication token uponexpiration without requiring re-authentication by the user. In a typicalsecurity configuration, an authentication token from an identitymanagement platform may have a valid time of an hour or less. If a usersession is active during a window around the expiration time, thegateway can refresh the authentication token using the refresh token inorder to obtain a new authentication token with a new expiration time.Otherwise, the session will typically lapse, preventing further activityby the user in the corresponding session.

As shown in step 612, the method 600 may include generating a firstcookie for access to the application by the user. The first cookie mayidentify a session for use of the application, along with a session timeand/or other session information. The first cookie may, for example, bea text file with name-value pairs identifying various parameters of thesession, including the user credentials, the session time, theapplication the user has been granted access to, user preferences, andthe access level of the user. The gateway may generate the first cookieat the authentication component and direct it towards the reverse proxyserver. The session cookie, or portions thereof, may be encrypted,cryptographically signed, or otherwise secured against tampering andmalicious re-use.

As shown in step 614, the method 600 may include sending the firstcookie to the endpoint, e.g., with the reverse proxy server of thegateway.

As shown in step 616, the method 600 may include receiving the firstcookie at the endpoint from the gateway. After the endpoint receives thefirst cookie, the endpoint may store the first cookie on the endpointdevice for the duration of the session time of the first cookie. Thecookie may, for example, be stored in a browser cache, a cache for alocal security agent on the endpoint, or any other location consistentwith use in a ZTNA environment as described herein.

As shown in step 618, the method 600 may include presenting the firstcookie to the gateway for use of the application. When a user at theendpoint seeks to use the application, the endpoint presents the firstcookie to the gateway. When this occurs during the session timespecified for (or within) the cookie, and provided that the user'sauthentication has not otherwise been explicitly revoked, the gatewaycan identify the user and the authenticated session based on the cookieand permit access to the application through the authenticated session.

As shown in step 620, the method 600 may include managing use of theapplication by the user of the endpoint based on the first cookie.During the session time, the first cookie may also inform the gateway ofuser preferences. For example, the first cookie stored on a browser maystore user preferences regarding a news website and inform the gatewaythat the user prefers sports news over politics. The first cookie thenmay customize the application experience of the user during the sessiontime. More generally, UI preferences, prior UI state, and otheruser-specific information may also or instead be stored within thecookie in order to preserve or restore the user experience for thesession. In another aspect, the session cookie containing authenticationinformation may be independent of a cookie storing other, ancillaryinformation for the session or the user experience within the session.

As shown in step 622, the method 600 may include during the session,obtaining a refreshed authentication token for the user from theidentity management platform with the refresh token, the refreshedauthentication token extending a valid time for use of theauthentication token. As aforementioned, the authentication token mayhave a valid time of an hour or less. The identity management platformmay issue the refresh token, which may be used to acquire a refreshedauthentication token with an extended valid time, such as an additionalhour or any other expiration time permitted or supported by the identitymanagement platform.

As shown in step 624, the method 600 may include sending a second cookieto the endpoint with an extended session time permitting continued useof the application by the user after an expiration of the session timebased on the refreshed authentication token. In general, the gateway mayreceive the refreshed authentication token from the identity managementplatform and then send the second cookie to the endpoint to replace thefirst cookie.

As shown in step 626, the method 600 may include receiving the secondcookie at the endpoint from the gateway, e.g., based on a silentreauthentication of the user with the identity management platformwithout requiring any additional authentication from the user. Thesilent reauthentication would not, for example, require a user tore-enter user credentials or provide any additional authenticationfactors such as a pass code, fingerprint, etc. The second cookie maygenerally include an extended session time for the application greaterthan the session time for the first cookie. The second cookie thuspermits continued use of the application by the user after an expirationof the session time (for the first cookie) without requesting the usercredentials from the endpoint for reauthentication of the user. The usermay receive the second cookie from the gateway and store the secondcookie at the user device in any suitable location. In one aspect, thesecond cookie may have an extended session time that extends the sessiontime for the first cookie by a week or less.

In one aspect, the session time for the cookie may be updatedindependently from the authentication token for the user, provided thegateway continues to refresh the authentication token in cooperationwith the identity management platform for the duration of the newsession cookie that has been provided to the endpoint. In the event of afailed refresh, the session may be explicitly terminated and/or thegateway may prevent further use of the application regardless of theduration of the cookie. The user may then be requested toreauthenticated with the identity management platform in order tocontinue using the application.

As shown in step 628, the method 600 may include presenting the secondcookie to the gateway for continued access to the application. Each timethe user returns to use the application during the extended sessiontime, or if a current application session extends beyond the sessiontime for the first cookie, the endpoint may present the second cookie tothe gateway. The gateway may then identify the user and session aspreviously authenticated with the identity management platform.

As shown in step 630, the method 600 may include managing use of theapplication by the user of the endpoint based on the second cookie.During the extended session time, the second cookie may also provide thegateway with user preferences or prior state information otherwisepreviously supported by the first cookie.

As shown in step 632, the method 600 may include invalidating therefreshed authentication token and the refresh token when the usercredentials have changed. The identity provider may alert the gatewaythat the user credentials have changed. The gateway may then invalidatethe refreshed authentication token and the refresh token.

FIG. 7 shows an environment for authenticating a user at a browser foraccess to an application. The user may be using a browser or otherapplication, client, or the like requesting access to a zero trustnetwork access application on an enterprise network. A gateway such asan application gateway receiving the request may check if a valid cookieis present on the endpoint. If no valid cookie is present, the user maybe redirected to a sign-in page maintained by an identity provider. Theuser may input their credentials at the sign-in page, and provide anyadditional authentication factors, upon which the identity provider maycheck if the credentials are correct. If the credentials are correct,the identity provider may redirect the user with a callback URL to agateway session. The gateway may then send a request to the identityprovider for an authentication token and a refresh token for the gatewaysession. The identity provider may issue the authentication token andthe refresh token to the gateway. The gateway may then issue a cookie tothe browser for the session after processing the authentication tokenand the refresh token. The gateway may also or instead evaluate asecurity policy for managing user access to the application, e.g.,according to any security rules or policies maintained by a threatmanagement facility associated with the user and/or application. Thegateway may then grant the user access to application and redirect thebrowser to the application. In the event that a cookie has expired orthere is some other session failure, the user/endpoint can be redirectedonce again to the identity provider in order to re-authenticate beforepermitting continued use of the application.

According to the foregoing, there is also disclosed herein a computerprogram product comprising executable code embodied in a non-transitorycomputer readable medium that, when executing on one or more computingdevices, performs the steps of receiving a request from a user of anendpoint for access to an application managed by the gateway;redirecting the endpoint to an identity management platform for anauthentication of the user; receiving an authentication token and arefresh token created by the identity management platform; generating afirst cookie for access to the application by the user, the first cookieidentifying a session for use of the application and the first cookieincluding a session time for the session; sending the first cookie tothe endpoint; managing use of the application by the user of theendpoint based on the first cookie; during the session, obtaining arefreshed authentication token for the user from the identity managementplatform with the refresh token, the refreshed authentication tokenextending a valid time for use of the authentication token; sending asecond cookie to the endpoint with an extended session time permittingcontinued use of the application by the user after an expiration of thesession time based on the refreshed authentication token; and managinguse of the application by the user of the endpoint based on the secondcookie.

According to the foregoing, there is also disclosed herein a systemcomprising for extending a user session in a zero trust network accessenvironment. The system may include an endpoint in a zero trust networkaccess environment; and a zero trust gateway for managing access by auser of the endpoint to a network application. The zero trust gatewaymay be configured, e.g., by computer executable code stored in a memoryof the gateway, to manage an authentication of the user for access tothe network application through an identity management platform. Thezero trust gateway may be further configured to generate a cookie foraccess to the network application by the endpoint, to obtain an extendedvalid time for authentication of the user with the identity managementplatform using a refresh token from the identity management platform,and to provide an updated cookie to the endpoint extending a sessiontime for the cookie based on the extended valid time for authenticationof the user.

FIG. 8 shows a method for using intermediate representations of securitypolicies. In general, an administrator may specify a security policy ata user interface, and the security policy is then be applied at agateway or other security appliance, network device, or the like. Asecurity policy may refer to any configuration object specifying one ormore conditions for allowing user access to a resource. In this context,the security policy may have a human-readable representation used withinthe user interface to support administrative interactions with elementsof the security policy, as well as a machine-executable representationfor use by the gateway in implementing the security policy. Anintermediate form of the security policy may usefully provide a commonrepresentation that can conveniently converted for use in either/both ofthese contexts, thus supporting concurrent use of a security policy bymachine and human actors, and generally preventing loss of fidelity inpolicy representation and evaluation.

As shown in step 802, the method 800 may include receiving a securitypolicy from an administrator for an enterprise network, the securitypolicy including one or more rules for use of the enterprise network. Ingeneral, this may include any rules or combination of rules controllingusage of resources within an enterprise network. For example, this mayinclude network usage parameters such as bandwidth, priority,restrictions, prohibited addresses, and trusted addresses, resourceusage parameters such as prohibited or permitted resources, credentialor authentication requirements, and health status requirements, userparameters such as access control lists, user types, and so forth. Moregenerally the security policy may include any rules for controlling,limiting, or authorizing usage by an endpoint and/or user of resourceswithin an enterprise network and/or outside the enterprise network.

The security policy describing these restrictions and permissions may berepresented as a configuration object that specifies conditions foraccess to and use of resources in an enterprise network. For example, apolicy may specify that access to a network location is permitted if theendpoint requesting access has an adequate antivirus status. Theconfiguration object may be represented in JSON, XML, CSV, YAML, or asimilar file format, or any other format or data object suitable forstoring corresponding usage rules. An administrator for a network maycreate or delete a security policy at a user interface on anadministrator console, and may add, remove, or modify policies within anexisting security policy. The administrator may also configure a timeduration until which the policy is valid. A threat management facilityor a similar network security resource may then receive a new securitypolicy from the administrator for implementation on an enterprisenetwork.

As shown in step 804, the method 800 may include converting the one ormore rules into an intermediate form representing corresponding rulesfor any of the security policy parameters described above, or anysimilar usage restrictions, rules, and the like. The intermediate formmay be used as a guide to render policy parameters within the userinterface, and may also be compiled into Rego code to be sent to agateway for deploying the security policy to the enterprise network. Theintermediate policy may have its own grammar construct that may beparsed and used to generate appropriate representation for the userinterface and for the gateway. The intermediate form may be stored in adatabase at a threat management facility or any other suitable local orremote data store that can be used by the threat management facility andthe gateway for managing the security policy.

As shown in step 806, the method 800 may include converting theintermediate form into an executable form. The intermediate form may beparsed to generate an executable that is in a readable form for agateway or other network appliance such as a firewall, network addresstranslation device, router, or the like. In one aspect, executable formmay be expressed in Rego, an open source query language for definingpolicies in an executable format for a gateway. While Rego is a querylanguage that supports structured document models such as JSON in amanner suitable for implementing enterprise policies such as a securitypolicy, other languages or combinations of languages and softwareenvironments may also or instead be used. If the executable form iscreated at, e.g., the threat management facility or some other resourceremote from the gateway where the security policy is to be deployed, theexecutable form may be formatted as a compressed and/or zipped file suchas a tar file that contains one or more files. The one or more files mayinclude one or more policy definition files (e.g., rego files) for eachresource that the gateway manages.

As shown in step 808, the method 800 may include sending the executableform to a network appliance such as a zero trust network access gatewayfor the enterprise network. The executable form may be sent to a gatewayas a changelog documenting incremental changes or updates to priorsecurity policies. Where no prior security policy is present, thechangelog may completely restate the current security policy for thegateway. The gateway may have a cloud agent component configured toreceive the executable form. Where an incremental changelog is used,other components of the security policy may be retained in theintermediate form to facilitate, e.g., subsequent display to anadministrator or conversion to an executable form (or new changelogtherefor) as the security policy is revised over time. While the threatmanagement facility may send the executable form to the networkappliance, in some embodiments the threat management facility mayalternatively send the intermediate form to the network appliance. Thenetwork appliance may then convert the intermediate form to theexecutable form.

As shown in step 810, the method 800 may include executing theexecutable form on a gateway for an enterprise network to manage useraccess to network locations and resources. For example, the executableform may be executed on a zero trust network access gateway to manageuser access to an application for the enterprise network. The gatewaymay have an Open Policy Agent (OPA) component responsible for policyevaluation. If the contents of the executable form are not consideredsensitive data, the executable form may first be saved as an encodedstring in a data store at the gateway. The encoded string may be base64encoded string. If the contents are considered sensitive, the executableform may be saved in a Kubernetes secrets data store, or otherwisecryptographically secured against unauthorized access. The executableform may then be sent from the cloud agent component to the OPA andevaluated to manage user access to an application or resource. Duringevaluation, the OPA may distinguish between agentless policies andagent-based policies so that the policies can be appropriately matchedto resources. That is, agentless policies may only be applied to anagentless resource while agent-based policies may only be applied to anagent-based resource. Evaluating agentless policies may involveimporting an Envoy module while evaluating agent-based policies mayinvolve importing a WSS module. Evaluating agent-based policies mayfurther involve receiving health status updates from endpoints andcomparing them with the agent-based policies. It will also be understoodthat where the executable form is compressed, packed, or otherwiseformatted for communication to the gateway, executing the executableform may include, as a precursor, unpacking, decompressing, and/orotherwise preparing the executable form for local use by the gateway.

As shown in step 812, the method 800 may include converting theintermediate form into a human-readable form of the one or more rules.After a gateway has evaluated the executable form, it may beadvantageous to revert the executable back into a human-readable formfor the administrator to review and edit. This permits the administratorto view and modify a proxy for the security policy in a format suitablefor human interaction.

As shown in step 814, the method 800 may include displaying thehuman-readable form of the one or more rules on a user interface. Therules may be presented at an administrator console for an administratorto review and modify.

As shown in step 816, the method 800 may include receiving modificationsto the security policy from the administrator. The user interface maysupport modifications to the security policy such as additions,deletions and modifications to individual policies or rules. The userinterface may also support operations such as a search, copy, paste andthe like, which may be particularly useful for large security policieswith numerous individual rules. The interface may also support errorchecking, validation, security assessments (e.g., concerning therelative riskiness of a security configuration), and so forth. Forexample, before deletion, the administrator console may check whetherthe policy has been assigned to one or more resources. If the policyhas, then deletion may not be allowed. Otherwise, the policy may bedeleted.

As shown in step 818, the method 800 may include storing a modifiedsecurity policy including the one or more rules and the modification.The modified security policy, as edited by the administrator, may bestored in the intermediate form.

As shown in step 820, the method 800 may include converting the modifiedsecurity policy into a modified intermediate form. After being stored inthe intermediate form, the security policy may be converted into thehuman-readable form (for the administrator console) or the machineexecutable form (for the gateway) as needed.

FIG. 9 illustrates a policy file. A policy file may be composed of oneor more rules specifying conditions for granting access to an entity forone or more applications. Each of the one or more rules may include anassignment of the policy to one or more resources, includingapplications, networks, servers, remote devices, and the like. Thepolicy file may be written in the Rego language or any other suitablepolicy language or the like. Allow blocks may specify conditions inwhich an entity may be granted access. By default, the allow value maybe set to false.

FIG. 10 illustrates a parser grammar set for a security policy. A parsermay be used to convert an intermediate form of a security policy into anexecutable form. In some embodiments, the parser may be built using theApache Freemarker Template Engine, an open source java library capableof generating text outputs based on templates. The parser may have agrammar construct to handle different types of access rules. The grammarconstruct may include three parts: a rule type, a rule condition, and arule value. The rule type specifies the main category of the rule, therule condition specifies the matching criteria to be used for the rule,and the rule value specifies the actual values that will be used toapply the rule condition.

FIG. 11 illustrates a user interface for configuring security policies.The administrator may access the user interface through an administratorconsole hosted at a threat management facility. The user interface mayhave a page displaying a list of policies for an enterprise network. Thepage may display one or more properties of each policy in the list suchas status, number of resources, and date of last modification. The userinterface may allow the administrator to select one or more operationson a policy, such as adding a policy, deleting a policy, and editing apolicy. If the administrator selects adding a policy, the administratormay first configure the policy as an agent-based or agentless policy.The policy may then be saved on a database on the threat managementfacility and assigned to one or more resources. If the administratorselects deleting a policy, the threat management facility may determinewhether the policy has been assigned to a resource. If so, the userinterface may display an error and disallow the deletion. Otherwise, thepolicy may be deleted from the database. The database may store eachpolicy as a table with a set of associated attributes, which may includeone or more of policy ID, name, enforcement status, account ID, validitytimestamp, creation timestamp, last update timestamp, and policy type.

According to the foregoing, there is also disclosed herein a method forstoring and managing a security policy for an enterprise network. Themethod may include the steps of receiving a security policy from anadministrator, the security policy including one or more rules;converting the one or more rules into an intermediate form; convertingthe intermediate form into an executable form; sending the executableform to a gateway; and executing the executable form on the gateway tomanage user access to an application.

According to the foregoing, there is also disclosed herein a system forstoring and managing a security policy for an enterprise network. Thesystem may include an endpoint in a zero trust network accessenvironment; a zero trust network access gateway; a database; and athreat management facility for an enterprise network, the threatmanagement facility hosted on a cloud computing platform. The threatmanagement facility may include a processor and memory storing computerexecutable instructions that configure the threat management facility toperform the steps of: receiving a security policy from an administratorconsole, the security policy including one or more rules; converting theone or more rules into an intermediate form; storing the intermediateform on the database; converting the intermediate form into anexecutable form; sending the executable form from the database to thegateway; and executing the executable form on the gateway to manage useraccess to an application.

FIG. 12 illustrates a method for automatically updating a cluster ofnetwork devices. In general, an administrator can initiate an automaticsoftware update to a network appliance that is configured as a clusterof nodes. The update may be performed sequentially on a node-by-nodebasis in order to maintain availability and performance of the networkappliance during the update.

As shown in step 1202, the method 1200 may include providing a networkappliance configured in a cluster of nodes, each node of the networkappliance similarly configured to support network functions and eachnode of the network appliance including a bootable partition executingan update agent and an update partition configured to store a differentversion of the node. This may, for example, include an enterprisenetwork gateway, a zero trust network access application gateway for theenterprise network, a firewall for the enterprise network, or any othernetwork appliance, network device, or the like, that might be operatedin a cluster to support redundancy, error tolerance, high availability,scalability, and so forth. For example, this may include a cluster ofgateways coupled to a network through a load balancing device or thelike for scalable management of access to resources such as ZTNAapplications for the enterprise network. In general, the networkappliances may be hardware appliances, virtual appliances, or somecombination of these.

As shown in step 1204, the method 1200 may include providing anotification to a network administrator of an update available for thenetwork appliance from a user interface of a threat management facilityfor an enterprise network, the notification including an indication ofwhether the update is a full update to each node or an incrementalupdate to each node. The notification may be provided to the networkadministrator, for example, through an administrative console of athreat management facility, or as an electronic mail, text message, orother notification for the network administrator. This may include anupdate provided from a third party vendor, such as an operating systemupdate, or an update to an application, driver, security agent, process,library, database, definition files, registry settings, or othercomputer object or combination of computer objects controlling operationof the network appliance. This may also or instead include configurationupdates or other software changes or the like from an administrator orIT professional for the enterprise.

As shown in step 1206, the method 1200 may include receiving an updaterequest from the network administrator to perform the update to thecluster of nodes. In the administrative console, the networkadministrator may review available updates, and, after assessing theneed for the update, the network administrator may request an updatethrough the interface for the network appliances. The administratorconsole may give the network administrator an option to choose aschedule for the update, which may be immediate or scheduled at a laterperiod. The threat management facility may create a changelog entry tostore the schedule in a database. It will be understood that an entireenterprise estate may include a number of different clusters, which maybe, e.g., geographically or functionally distributed for the enterprise.The administrator may select a particular cluster for an update in theconsole. In another aspect, the administrator may choose to update anentire estate, which may be performed in parallel for each independentcluster, or in sequence, e.g., sequentially from cluster to cluster andthen sequentially from node to node within each cluster, with the orderof update being selected manually by the administrator, automatically bythe threat management facility, or some combination of these.

As shown in step 1208, the method 1200 may include automatically andsequentially updating each node in the cluster from the threatmanagement facility according to the update while continuing to operateeach other node in the cluster that is not being updated. In thismanner, the cluster may generally remain available throughout the updatewhile individual network appliances are updated in order according tothe update(s). In general, the threat management facility may send anupdate notification to each node being updated. The update notificationmay include the update type and the update schedule. An update agent ateach node may be responsible for upgrading the node according to theupdate notification and reporting an update status to the threatmanagement facility. Alternatively, the update agent may be one or moreindependent processes at the threat management facility that communicatewith some other resource(s) on each target node. The update agent mayinvoke a Linux cron job based on the update schedule to trigger theupdate, or use any other shell script, bash command, or other schedulingdevice to sequence updates on and among the nodes being updated. Theupdate agent may select a download link (i.e., a URL) for the updateaccording to the update notification or some other preexisting protocolor the like (e.g., based on the update type). The update may then bedownloaded from the URL.

As shown in step 1210, the method 1200 may include determining whetherthe update is a full update or an incremental update. In general,updates may include updates to individual components for the networkappliance, such as a network driver, a security application, acommunications process, a console, or the like. For example, the networkappliance may include individual software components for network proxy,authentication, authorization, agent traffic, data plane, control plane,and so forth, any of which may be updated as an independent softwarecomponent without requiring a restart of the network appliance (althoughsome functions controlled by such a component may be paused orterminated temporarily). In another aspect, the update may be a completeupdate to or replacement of the software stack for the network applianceincluding, e.g., the operating system and related components such as thekernel, drivers, registry, and the like. The nature of the update willaffect whether each network appliance to be updated will need to betaken offline, updated with a new image, and then restarted, or whetheralternatively, new software may be installed (or other data updated)while the network appliance is live. In general, a full update thatrequires a new bootable image to be loaded and then restarted will bemore time consuming and will impose greater performance constraints onthe system. As such the administrator may view the type of update in theconsole and select a specific plan for the timing and/or sequence ofupdates.

As shown in step 1212, the method 1200 may include, when the update is afull update, copying the update to an update partition and rebooting thenode from the update partition. In order to support management ofpartial and full updates, each network appliance may include twopartitions or other logically separated storage sections on a hard disk,virtual hard disk, or other storage device for the network appliance.The first partition may serve as a current partition from which thenetwork appliance is currently executing. The second partition may serveas an update partition where a new image can be loaded when a fullupdate is required. During a full update, the new image for the networkappliance may be downloaded to the update partition, and may also beverified by the network appliance. The device may then be booted fromthe update partition (which, if the boot is successful, becomes thecurrent partition). The current partition then becomes the updatepartition. Until the next full update, this partition can also functionas a rollback partition, permitting the device to be rolled back to thelast full update, e.g., in the event that the latest update cannotstart/launch successfully. The update partition may store the rollbackpartition before the full update occurs. The device may be rolled backby reverting to the rollback partition on the update partition.

As shown in step 1214, the method 1200 may include when the update isthe incremental update, updating one or more software components on asystem image executing from the bootable partition of the node. Thislatter update does not require the use of the update partition. Rather,individual software components can be installed, uninstalled, modified,or updated using any installer, program manager, or other program oragent suitable for the managing applications on the software platform ofthe network appliance. For example, a container orchestration platformsuch as Kubernetes or K3s (a lightweight implementation of Kubernetes)may be used to manage and update the individual software components. Theprogram manager (or other agent or the like) may also be used if/whennecessary to roll back any incremental software update installed in thismanner.

As shown in step 1216, the method 1200 may include, upon a completion ofthe update on each node in the cluster, updating version information forthe network appliance at the threat management facility. The updateagents of the nodes may monitor and manage the nodes throughout theupdate process. This may for example include one or more of maintainingactive or alternative partitions, deleting active cron jobs, errorhandling, detection of completion, confirmation of successful update,and cleaning up stale images. When an update is successfully completed,the threat management facility may receive a corresponding update statusfor each node from the update agents and update an entry for the updatedcluster in a database. This permits the network administrator to monitorupdate progress, view the current version and version history, and toknow when a next update is available for nodes in the cluster.

The method may then return to step 1204 when a notification for a newupdate is available.

According to the foregoing, there is also disclosed herein a method forupdating a network appliance for an enterprise network. The method mayinclude the steps of receiving an update request from a networkadministrator to perform the update to a network appliance including acluster of nodes, each node including a bootable partition executing aninstance of the network appliance including an update agent and eachnode including an update partition configured to store a differentversion of the network appliance; automatically and sequentiallyupdating each node in the cluster from a remote resource according tothe update while continuing to operate each other node in the clusterthat is not being updated; and upon a completion of the update on eachnode in the cluster, updating version information for the networkappliance at a threat management facility. Updating each node mayinclude operating the update agent for the node to perform the steps ofupdating one or more software components on a system image executingfrom the bootable partition of the node when the update is anincremental update, and copying the update to the update partition andrebooting the node from the update partition when the update is a fullupdate.

According to the foregoing, there is also disclosed herein a systemincluding a network appliance for an enterprise network, a data store, athreat management facility, and an update agent. The network appliancemay be configured in a cluster of nodes each similarly configured tosupport network functions and each including a bootable partitionproviding functions of the network appliance and an update partitionconfigured to store a different version of the node. The data store maystore an updated version of the network appliance, which may be receivedfrom a vendor or other source of data updates. The threat managementfacility may be configured by computer executable code stored in anon-transitory computer readable medium to provide a user interface forreceiving an update request from a network administrator to perform anupdate to the cluster of nodes based on the updated version of thenetwork appliance. The threat management facility may be furtherconfigured to respond to the update request by automatically andsequentially updating each node in the cluster according to the updatewhile permitting continued operation of each other node in the clusterthat is not being updated. The update agent may execute on each node inthe cluster, and may be configured by computer executable code stored ina memory to be responsive to the threat management facility to installthe update according to the updated version of the network appliance byperforming the steps of: when the update is an incremental update,updating one or more software components on a system image executingfrom the bootable partition of the node, and when the update is a fullupdate, copying the update to the update partition and rebooting thenode from the update partition.

FIG. 13 shows a system 1300 for updating network appliances. The system1300 may include a threat management facility 1302 such as a centralthreat management facility or any of the other threat managementfacilities described herein. The threat management facility 1302 may behosted on an enterprise network, and/or remotely as a cloud-basedsecurity resource. The threat management facility 1302 may be part of athreat management system for protecting a network against a plurality ofsecurity threats, such as the system 101 shown in FIG. 1 .

The threat management facility 1302 may include a user interface 1304, aregistration microservice component 1306, and a config microservicecomponent 1308. An administrator 1310 may access the threat managementfacility 1302 through a user interface 1304 to initiate an updaterequest for a network appliance 1312 connected to the threat managementfacility 1302. The user interface 1304 may display attributes of thenetwork appliance 1312 received from the config microservice component1308. The attributes may include one or more of the current softwareversion, previous software version, available updates, update type(e.g., full or incremental), update event (e.g., upgrade, rollback, orcancel), update status (e.g., success, failure, updating, schedule, orcanceled), and update schedule. The administrator 1310 may specify theupgrade type and the upgrade schedule for the network appliance 1312 inthe update request if an update is available. Once the update hascompleted or failed, the user interface 1304 may display thecorresponding update status.

The registration microservice component 1306 may be responsible formaintaining and relaying information on available updates. Theregistration microservice component 1306 may periodically downloadrelease manifests from an external repository manager 1314 such as JFrogcloud Artifactory or any other code management platform or system. Theregistration microservice component 1306 may receive a request from theconfig microservice component 1308 to check for available updates forthe network appliance 1312. The registration microservice component 1306may parse through one or more release manifests to check for availableupdates. The registration microservice component 1306 may then return aBoolean value to the config microservice component 1308 based on whetheran update is available.

The config microservice component 1308 may be a registry responsible forstoring the attributes of the network appliance 1312 at the threatmanagement facility 1302. The config microservice component 1308 may usePostgreSQL as its persistence store. The config microservice component1308 may communicate with other components of the threat managementfacility 1302 (e.g., the user interface 1304 and the registrationmicroservice component 1306) and the network appliance 1312 to send andreceive updated values for the attributes. For example, once theadministrator 1310 has chosen an upgrade schedule, the user interface1304 may send the upgrade schedule to the config microservice component1308, which may then store the upgrade schedule. The config microservicecomponent 1308 may also receive an upgrade status from the networkappliance 1312 and store an upgrade status of the upgrade once theupgrade has completed or failed.

The network appliance 1312 may include a ZTNA gateway or any othernetwork device, or the like, that may perform network functions. Thenetwork appliance 1312 may be configured as a cluster of nodes, eachnode of the cluster similarly configured to support network functions.The network appliance 1312 may include one or more update agents 1316and a system upgrade controller 1318. In some embodiments, each node ofthe network appliance 1312 may have an update agent 1316. After theadministrator 1310 has selected the update type and the update schedulefor the update request, the config microservice component 1308 may sendthe update type and the update schedule as an update notification to theupdate agent 1316. Based on the update notification, the update agent1316 may download a corresponding artifact from the external repositorymanager 1314.

As aforementioned, the upgrade type may be an incremental update or afull update. For an incremental update, the update agent 1316 mayexecute the update through a program manager or installer, such asKubernetes. For a full update, the system upgrade controller 1318 at thenetwork appliance 1312 may handle the update by copying the update to anupdate partition and rebooting the network appliance 1312. Onceexecution of the update has completed, the update agent 1316 may send anupdate status back to the config microservice component 1308. The configmicroservice component 1308 may then update a corresponding entry forthe network appliance 1312. In general, each instance of the networkappliance 1312 in a cluster 1320 may execute from an active partition1322, while storing a previous full update, or a new pending fullupdate, in the update partition 1324 to facilitate transitions betweenversions.

FIG. 14 illustrates a user interface for updating network appliances.The user interface may display one or more network appliances, each as acluster of nodes. For each cluster, the user interface may display oneor more attributes of the cluster, such as name, status, Fully QualifiedDomain Name (FQDN), type, current version number, network appliancenumber, and number of active users. The user interface may provide anadministrator with an alert when an update is available for a particularcluster. The administrator may then initiate an update of the clusterwithin the user interface, in response to which the user interface mayprompt the administrator to choose an update type and update schedule.The user interface may display the progress of the update, such as bydisplaying a timer icon indicating a time until an update will beinitiated or a predicted time of completion (or both). While the updateis in progress, the administrator may have the option to cancel theupdate and roll back or reverse any changes. The user interface mayalert the administrator with an update status once the update hassuccessfully completed or failed.

FIG. 15 shows a cluster of compute instances. In general, a networkdevice 1502 such as a gateway may be deployed as a cluster 1504 ofcompute instances 1506 such as virtual computing devices executing in avirtualization environment in order to support high availability andscalability, or any of the other clusters described herein.

The cluster 1504 may function as a gateway for a zero trust networkaccess resources, a gateway for an enterprise network or more generally,as a network device for managing access to one or more other networkresources. The network device 1502 may, for example, be anycorresponding device such as a gateway for an enterprise network and/ora gateway for one or more zero trust network access resources of anenterprise or other entity. In this capacity, the network device 1502may manage access to one or more resources 1510 such as cloud services,software-as-a-service applications, data storage, zero trust networkaccess applications, and so forth, by one or more endpoints 1512 coupledto the network device 1502 through a data network 1514. In general, theendpoints 1512 may be any of the endpoints 1512 described herein, andthe network device 1502 may be any of the network devices describedherein. The resources 1510 may in general be multiple instances of thesame resource, different resources, or some combination of these.

The cluster 1504 may be managed, e.g., remotely through a console or thelike, using a container orchestration platform such as Kubernetes orK3s, or any other operating system or environment suitable for managingan elastic framework of individual web servers or other resources in ascalable deployment. In a container orchestration platform, each manageddevice may include a container orchestration service that acts as anagent for coupling the compute instances 1506 together to operate as,e.g., a gateway or other network device 1502, web service, or the like.The cluster 1504 may also use a consensus protocol in order tosynchronize devices within the cluster 1504 so that they are allsimilarly configured to operate consistently or identically with oneanother. A variety of consensus protocols are known in the art andsuitable for maintaining consistency among compute instances 1506 in thecluster 1504. By way of non-limiting example, the Raft consensusprotocol can be used to maintain synchronization among nodes in acluster by electing a leader or “primary instance” that replicates a logoutward to conform other nodes to the leader's configuration.

Each compute instance 1506 may include a memory 1530 divided by anoperating system or other software and/or hardware into one or morepartitions such as a first partition 1532 and a second partition 1534providing logically distinct memory spaces that can be accessed, e.g.,as separate disk drives. This permits an older version of software forthe compute instance 1506 to be stored on an inactive partition orrollback partition while the compute instance 1506 executes from anotherpartition, referred to herein as the current partition or activepartition, typically including bootable media (or an associated bootpartition) from which the compute instance 1506 boots on a restart.Restoring a prior software version may include restarting the computeinstance by booting from the rollback partition, at which point theother partition becomes the inactive partition. In this manner, thecompute instance 1506 can toggle between a current partition and arollback partition in order to change versions of software.

While this general architecture provides good capacity and scalabilitythat can be deployed on a wide range of cloud computing platforms or thelike, it presents challenges in the context of a software rollback for acluster of devices, particularly a software rollback that requires areboot to return to a previous software installation. In particular, thereboot will cause a loss of the current consensus state, and may causesignificant delays in restarting the cluster because the cluster mustrenegotiate a new consensus state, or worse, may revert to anundesirable previous consensus state. In such a cluster of networkdevices using a consensus protocol for cluster synchronization, a fullsoftware rollback may advantageously be performed by backing up acluster state on a rollback partition of a primary instance for thecluster that stores a prior software version for the primary instance.All of the compute instances in the cluster can then be restarted fromthe same rolled back software version, and the primary instance canstart a cluster management service such as the cluster orchestrationservice and propagate the stored consensus state as other devices jointhe cluster.

FIG. 16 shows a method for rolling back software in a cluster of computeinstances. In general, this may be a cluster of compute instances manage(e.g., remotely) with a cluster orchestration platform and synchronizedusing a consensus protocol as generally described herein.

As shown in step 1602, the method 1600 may include synchronizing aplurality of compute instances in a cluster using a consensus protocol.This may include the use of any of the clusters and consensus protocolsdescribed herein. As noted above, the cluster may be managed using anysuitable cluster orchestration platform or the like, which may bedeployed on each compute instance, e.g., as a service, a process, anagent, or the like. In the Raft consensus protocol, synchronizationgenerally includes the selection of a leader or primary instance using atechnique defined in the protocol, and then propagating a log containingthe consensus state of machines in the cluster from the primary instanceto other compute instances in the cluster, or otherwise replicates thelog outward to synchronize other compute instances. However, anyprotocol may be used that results in a consensus state that issupervised by one of the nodes in the cluster.

In general, the cluster may perform any function(s) that might usefullybe performed in a scalable manner in a data network. For example, thecluster may support a web server, a data center, a zero trust networkaccess gateway, or any other network resource or the like. In oneaspect, the plurality of compute instances operates as a gateway for anenterprise network. In another aspect, the plurality of computeinstances operates as a gateway for a zero trust network access to oneor more online resources. In another aspect, the plurality of computeinstances functions as a network device managing access to one or morenetwork resources.

As shown in step 1604, the method 1600 may include storing a priorsoftware version in a rollback partition on each of the computeinstances, including a primary instance for the consensus protocol. Forexample, a rollback instance stored in the rollback partition mayinclude a previous version of software for the primary instance, and/ora previous version of software for a server in the cluster. The rollbackpartition may generally be any separate section of a physical or logicalstorage device that is treated by an operating system as a separatelogical volume. Using this partition, a separate, prior, bootableversion of one of the compute instances may be stored for subsequentrecovery. In order to return to the prior version, the compute instancewill generally restart and boot from the rollback partition, which thenchanges to a current or active partition for the compute instance, withpartition that was previously active becoming the rollback partition.

As shown in step 1606, the method 1600 may include receiving a rollbackrequest in the cluster. This may, for example, include receiving arollback request on the primary instance of the cluster, and moregenerally receiving the rollback request at each compute instance in thecluster, e.g., at the container orchestration service executing on eachcompute instance, or any other agent, service, or the like suitable forreceiving remote instructions. The request may be issued from anadministrative console or the like for the cluster, or from any otherhuman or programmatic source. The rollback request may more specificallyrequest a rollback to a prior software version for compute instances ina cluster, e.g., where multiple rollback partitions and previoussoftware versions are stored on each compute instance. In general, arollback may be requested under a variety of circumstances, such as whenan update fails, or when an update is slow or buggy, or when othersoftware of interest is only compatible with prior software versions.Regardless of the reasons, the rollback may be requested through thecontainer orchestration platform or other cluster management platformand received at a corresponding agent on each compute instance withinthe cluster.

As shown in step 1608, the method 1600 may include, in response toreceiving the rollback request, storing a backup of the consensus state.In one embodiment, storing the backup may occur at the start of anupdate request before the cluster is updated. The backup mayadvantageously be stored by the primary instance for the consensusprotocol, which should already contain the current consensus state beingpropagated to other compute instances in the cluster. The backup may,for example, include a key-value store file such as an etcd file for ak3s cluster, or any other suitable backup file, configuration file, orother file format or the like. The backup of the consensus state may bestored, e.g., in the rollback partition of the primary instance so thatit is available to the current operating system after a reboot from therollback partition. In another aspect, the backup may be stored at someother location, such as a third partition on the primary instance, or atsome remote data repository accessible to the primary instance afternetwork services have been started.

As shown in step 1610, the method 1600 may include restarting each ofthe plurality of compute instances (including the primary instance) andthen rebooting each of the plurality of compute instances from therollback partition. During the reboot process, the containerorchestration service may be halted on the rollback partition of eachcompute instance. The plurality of compute instances may then berebooted at the same time.

As shown in step 1612, the method 1600 may include launching a containerorchestration service (or other platform orchestration agent, service,or the like) on the primary instance for the consensus protocol. Afterstarting the container orchestration service, the primary instance willbecome available to other compute instances within the cluster at avirtual address such as a virtual IP address within the cluster addressspace.

As shown in step 1614, the method 1600 may include connecting each oneof the other plurality of compute instances to the primary instance and,in response to connecting to the primary instance, obtaining theconsensus state from the primary instance, and launching the containerorchestration service. In general, a cluster orchestration serviceshould not be running on other compute instances during the restore.Instead, the other compute instances will check for connectivity to theprimary instance using the virtual address assigned to the primaryinstance after it has started the container orchestration service. Eachof the compute instances can then connect to the primary instance andobtain the consensus state stored by the primary instance before therestart. From the perspective of the primary instance, this step maygenerally include receiving connections from other compute instances inthe cluster at a virtual address for the cluster, and then transmittingthe consensus state to one or more other compute instances in thecluster. Each of the compute instances is then restored to the priorsoftware version from its own rollback partition and synchronized withthe consensus state provided by the primary instance.

According to the foregoing, there is also disclosed herein a primaryinstance in a cluster of nodes synchronized using a consensus protocol,the primary instance configured by computer executable code stored in amemory that, when executing on the primary instance, perform the stepsof receiving a rollback request on a primary instance of a cluster thatis synchronized with a consensus protocol; storing a backup of aconsensus state for the cluster on the primary instance; rebooting theprimary instance from a rollback partition; and launching a containerorchestration service for the cluster on the primary instance.

FIG. 17 shows a method for updating the network configuration for acluster of nodes operating as a network appliance such as a gateway forzero trust network access resources. In general, a zero trust networkaccess gateway, such as any of the gateways described herein, may bedeployed as a data plane virtual appliance that handles all traffic toone or more protected resources. The gateway may be more generallydeployed as a high-availability cluster of redundant compute instanceswith multiple nodes for fault tolerance. The cluster may be formed whenan administrator sets up the gateway with multiple nodes and deploys thecluster using the administrator's configured network settings for eachnode's interface.

From time to time, an administrator may wish to change network settingsfor the nodes. The network configuration settings for a node may includeany network parameters, settings or the like including, e.g., addressconfiguration methods (e.g., DHCP, static, manual, etc.), networkinterface address(es), subnet mask(s), gateway address(es), packetsizes, domain name servers, and so forth. More generally, this mayinclude any data used to configure the network interfaces of the node orthe manner in which the node connects to and uses other networkresources.

To facilitate remote administration, the gateway may be provisioned as aheadless device, with all configuration changes controlled remotely froma cloud-managed control plane. However, such a cluster deploymentassumes that the network settings remain constant through the life ofeach node in the cluster, so any change to network parameters requiresmanual intervention, and potentially downtime for the entire cluster(and therefore, the gateway). To address this problem, an administratormay advantageously update the network parameters of each node in thecluster sequentially by isolating one or more nodes. The rest of thecluster may continue to operate while the isolated nodes are updated.

As shown in step 1702, the method 1700 may include receiving a requestto update network configuration settings for a plurality of nodes in acluster. An administrator may input a request to update the networkconfiguration settings for the plurality of nodes at the control plane.The control plane may be part of a threat management system such as thesystem 101 shown in FIG. 5 , or any other system suitable for managingnetwork appliances. The control plane of a master node in the clustermay coordinate the plurality of nodes in the cluster during the update.The control plane may provide the administrator with two different modesfor applying network configuration settings: a normal mode and aforce-apply mode. In the normal mode, network configuration settings arestored, and then applied when suitable conditions are present within thecluster such as favorable cluster load and cluster stability, along withgood network connectivity. In a force-apply mode, the networkconfiguration settings are applied to the nodes in the cluster withoutregard to cluster status, either immediately or at some predeterminedtime, but in either case, without regard to connectivity, stability, andload.

As shown in step 1704, the method 1700 may include selecting one or moreof the plurality of nodes for an incremental update. Node selection forsuch a change may be based on any number of parameters, such as clusterload, fault tolerance (e.g., how many nodes can be removed at one timewithout negatively impacting availability), resource utilization, numberof services hosted a particular node, number of requests to and from thegateway, and so forth. A particular node may be selected when the datatraffic through that node can be managed by the remaining active nodesin the cluster and the removal of the selected node would not negativelyimpact cluster stability. If these conditions cannot be met, theadministrator may be notified and an update to the network configurationsettings may be deferred until more suitable conditions are present. Ifthe update to network configuration settings is applicable for all nodesin the cluster, then this can be repeated for all nodes in the sequence.It will be understood that, while a single node update is illustrated,the method 1700 may include updating two or more nodes concurrently,e.g., where the remaining nodes in the cluster can support currenttraffic without interruption or significant decays in performance.

As shown in step 1706, the method 1700 may include isolating a node fromthe cluster while continuing to operate the cluster with the remainingplurality of nodes. Each of the plurality of nodes may be sequentiallyisolated from the cluster. Once a node is selected for an update tonetwork configuration settings, the node may be taken out of the clusteror otherwise isolated from cluster functions and placed into amaintenance mode. For example, services such as keepalive, that mightotherwise maintain a connection to other devices and keep communicationpathways open, may be stopped for some period of time to prevent thenode from participating in, or attempting to participate in, thecluster. Similarly, data plane services may be diverted to remainingactive members of the cluster temporarily. For example, if the masternode is isolated, another node in the cluster may become the master nodeand coordinate the cluster.

As shown in step 1708, the method 1700 may include updating the networkconfiguration settings with an update for the node. Once a node has beenisolated, the network configuration settings for the node may beupdated.

As shown in step 1710, the method 1700 may include testing aconnectivity of the node with the update. Testing the connectivity mayinclude a connectivity check to the resources configured locally on thegateway, resources on the cloud and any specific resource endpoint thatan administrator has provided for connection testing. In someembodiments, connectivity testing may include autonomously connectivitytesting by the node, the results of which may be reported, e.g., after asuccessful update, or after a rollback in the event that the updatednode cannot reconnect to the cluster or a connectivity supervisor.

As shown in step 1712, the method 1700 may include determining whetherthe connectivity passes one or more tests. The one or more tests mayinclude one or more of a ping test, a traceroute test, a DNS query test,and/or any other suitable test for testing the connectivity of the node.The control plane may provide the administrator with an option to choosewhich tests to include in the connectivity test. In this manner, theadministrator may adjust the thoroughness of the connectivity test.

As shown in step 1714, the method 1700 may include returning the node tothe cluster with the update if the connectivity passes the one or moretests. If the new network settings do not result in a connectivityfailure or any corresponding timeout in communications from the nodeduring the one or more tests, the changes may be permanently applied andthe node may rejoin the cluster with the new network configurationsettings. Each node in the cluster may be transitioned to the newnetwork configuration settings in this manner.

As shown in step 1716, the method 1700 may include returning the node tothe cluster without the update if the connectivity does not pass the oneor more tests. If the new network settings result in a connectivityfailure or any corresponding timeout in communications from the nodeduring the one or more tests, the node may permanently discard thechanges and return a failed changelog to the administrator.

As a significant advantage, this method 700 may be performed withoutmanual intervention during the update to the network configurationsettings. It may, for example, be deployed in a fully automated mannerby a gateway service on receipt of a changelog (e.g., from anadministrator) on the cloud control plane.

According to the foregoing, there is also described herein a systemincluding a network appliance (such as a zero trust network accessgateway) for an enterprise network, the network appliance configured ina cluster of nodes each similarly configured to support networkfunctions; a data store storing an update to network configurationsettings for the cluster; a threat management facility configured toprovide a user interface for receiving an update request from a networkadministrator to perform the update to the cluster of nodes, the threatmanagement facility further configured to respond to the update requestby automatically and sequentially updating network configurationsettings for each node in the cluster by selecting one of the nodes foran update; isolating the node from the cluster while continuing tooperate the cluster with the remaining plurality of nodes; updating thenetwork configuration settings with an update for the node; testing aconnectivity of the node with the update; and returning the node to thecluster with the update if the connectivity passes one or more tests;and an update agent executing on each node in the cluster, the updateagent responsive to the threat management facility to update the networksettings according to the update.

FIG. 18 shows an endpoint coupled to multiple application gateways. Thesystem 1800 may, for example, be any of the Zero Trust Network Access(ZTNA) architectures described herein, except where specifically notedotherwise. In the system 1800, a ZTNA gateway may provide user access tospecific applications on an application-by-application and user-by-userbasis, rather than providing general access to an enterprise network. Todo so, a gateway such as a ZTNA application gateway is hosted in thenetwork and collocated with a number of ZTNA resources such as end userapplications managed by the gateway. If different applications are indifferent geographical locations, then a different gateway would behosted in each location to manage any collocated applications. This isalso generally true of cloud resources managed by third parties such asAmazon's AWS, Microsoft's Azure, Google's GCP, and other cloudproviders. These deployments can significantly improve network securitybecause users only receive access to specific applications for whichthey are authenticated. However, if the user needs to connect toapplications that are hosted in different geolocations or hosted bydifferent provides, then, in some aspects, they must manage multipleauthentications and communication channels.

To address these challenges, a ZTNA agent may be deployed on an endpointthat can identifying and manage connections to multiple applicationgateways. When the user selects an application for local use, the agentcan identify the corresponding gateway to connect to from configurationdata stored by the agent, such as a mapping of the application name toan application Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN—a complete domain namefor a specific computer or host on the internet, typically including ahos tname and a domain name) and/or the gateway FQDN. The agent can thenestablish an encrypted tunnel to send/receive data to/from theapplication. If a tunnel is already established to the gateway, then thedata stream for that application can be multiplexed with the datastreams of other applications being accessed through that gateway. Thistechnique facilitates optimization of the number of network connectionsand/or bandwidth utilization in a multi-resource context.

Furthermore, security for endpoints using such a local ZTNA agent can becentrally managed, e.g., by a cloud-based threat management facilitycoupled in a communicating relationship with the endpoint and thevarious application gateways.

In general, the endpoint 1802 may be any of the endpoints or othercompute instances described herein. The endpoint 1802 may include a userinterface 1804 through which a user may interact with variousapplications locally on the endpoint 1802. The endpoint 1802 may alsoinclude a ZTNA agent 1806 for accessing remotely hosted ZTNAapplications through a network 1808 such as any of the data networksdescribed herein. While the network 1808 may or may not be secure, endto end communications between the ZTNA agent 1806 and applications 1812may be secured, e.g., using a secure tunnel and a secure websocketclient.

In one aspect, the ZTNA agent 1806 may advantageously use a heartbeatrelationship with a threat management facility to assist in forming asecure connection with one of the gateways 1810. For example, theendpoint 1802 may include an endpoint heartbeat module executing withina local security agent or the like on the endpoint 1802 that is used tomaintain a secure heartbeat relationship with the threat managementfacility. The web socket client of the ZTNA agent 1806 may include acertification manager or the like that interacts with the endpointheartbeat module to obtain certificates for the endpoint 1802 and one ofthe gateways 1810 that are collectively required during a WSS handshaketo form a secure WebSocket connection over encrypted TLS. Where thethreat management facility is a certificate authority, this canadvantageously provide a pre-existing trust relationship for formingsecure connections.

The system 1800 may also include a number of gateways 1810 such as ZTNAapplication gateways coupled to the network 1808. The gateways 1810 maybe distributed at any number of geographic and/or network locations, andeach gateway 1810 may support any number of applications 1812 that arelocally deployed or managed at corresponding locations.

FIG. 19 shows a threat management facility for a ZTNA system. Ingeneral, the system 1900 may be any of the systems described above withreference to FIG. 18 . The system 1900 may also include a centralmanagement facility 1920, such as any of the threat managementfacilities described herein for managing security policies for anenterprise or the like. In order to manage security policies for ZTNAapplications, the central management facility 1920 may, on one hand, becoupled in a communicating relationship with the ZTNA agent 1922executing on the endpoint 1924. The central management facility 1920 mayalso be coupled in a communicating relationship with a ZTNA gateway 1926that hosts an application 1928 used by the endpoint 1924.

In general, the ZTNA agent 1922 may tunnel traffic, e.g., by tunnelingIP packets over a WebSocket connection, from the application 1928. Theapplication 1928 may be a thick application that does not use web-basedprotocols like HTTPS. The agent 1922 may capture correspondingapplication traffic by spoofing the DNS response to the originalapplication request, and providing an IP address that the agent 1922 canuse to handle application traffic. This may be done, for example, bysetting a TUN interface at the endpoint 1924 and configuring it with anIP address from a CGNAT subnet, along with a default route that directsall traffic for the subnet to the TUN interface. This way traffic from aZTNA application is directed to the TUN interface and the ZTNA agent1922 can read these IP packets from the TUN interface and forward themto the ZTNA gateway 1926 over the WebSocket connection.

At the ZTNA gateway 1926, a WebSocket server may read the IP packetsfrom the ZTNA agent 1922 and identify a hosted ZTNA applicationcorresponding to the destination address. Once the WebSocket serverlearns the IP address of the internal application, the WebSocket servercan modify the source and destination IP addresses of the packets andwrite to the WebSocket server's own TUN interface. This TUN interface isconfigured with a 10.1.x.x subnet, and is also configured to forward allthe traffic with a source IP address in that subnet. Thus, each agentconnection can be assigned one source IP address, and all of the packetsthat are coming from the ZTNA agent's WebSocket connection will berewritten with the same source IP address (and forwarded to the same TUNinterface). The WebSocket server may also configure iptables rules suchthat network address translation by the WebSocket server connects returntraffic from a ZTNA application to the appropriate ZTNA agent (afterrewriting source and destination IPs appropriately).

Also, in general, the ZTNA gateway 1926 may authenticate both the userand endpoint device. The user may be authenticated, e.g., using anysuitable identity provider or the like. The device may authenticateusing a certificate or the like received from a central threatmanagement facility or other certificate authority. The ZTNA gateway1926 may also advantageously apply security polices for an enterprise topackets from a ZTNA agent to a ZTNA application, and may conditionallypermit or deny traffic based on such security policies.

According to the foregoing, there is disclosed herein a system includingan endpoint, a ZTNA gateway, a ZTNA application, and a threat managementfacility. The endpoint may include a local application with a firsttunnel interface locally coupled to a ZTNA agent executing on theendpoint, and the ZTNA agent may include a websocket client or otherinterface for securely coupling to a remote resource through a datanetwork. The ZTNA gateway may be coupled to the ZTNA agent of theendpoint through a websocket server executing on the ZTNA gateway, wherethe ZTNA gateway is configured to authenticate the endpoint for accessto applications managed by an enterprise (e.g., by the threat managementfacility). The ZTNA application may be coupled to the websocket serverof the ZTNA gateway through a second tunnel interface, thereby forming asecure connection between the local application on the endpoint and theZTNA application hosted through the ZTNA gateway. The threat managementfacility may be coupled in a communicating relationship to the ZTNAagent and the ZTNA gateway, and the threat management facility may beconfigured to manage a security policy for use of the ZTNA applicationby users associated with the enterprise.

As noted above, the ZTNA agent 1922 may more specifically be configuredto form multiple connections with multiple ZTNA gateways, and tomultiplex communications with applications hosted by these gateway inorder to support seamless and transparent use of geographicallydistributed and remotely hosted applications.

In one aspect, the ZTNA agent 1922 may be deployed as a plugin in anexisting software component of the endpoint 1924 such as a localsecurity agent. ZTNA functionality can be enabled and controlled in thethreat management facility for all endpoints of an enterprise. Once itis enabled, the threat management facility may push configurationinformation about ZTNA gateways and the applications that are deployedin each gateway, e.g., by communicating this with other endpointpolicies from the threat management facility. The ZTNA agent 1922 mayset up a TUN interface and configure an IP address for use of ZTNAapplications, e.g., using large-scale network address translation (alsoreferred to as carrier-grad network address translation or CGNAT) toavoid conflicts with internal networks. The ZTNA agent 1922 may also setup a route such that all the traffic to the CGNAT IP address space goesthrough the TUN interface. This may be initialized when the ZTNA agent1922 is booted, so that when a user accesses a configured application,the DNS request goes to a DNS interceptor that is running in the ZTNAagent 1922 and the DNS interceptor responds with one of the CGNAT IPaddresses from the configured CGNAT subnet of the TUN interface. Anyresulting application traffic from the endpoint 1924 will then beforwarded to the ZTNA application gateway over a WebSocket connection.To establish the WebSocket connection, the ZTNA agent 1922 can beauthenticated with the gateway, e.g., using an embedded browser. Thecommunications for this authentication may be secured using mutualtransport layer security (TLS) or any other suitably securecommunication protocol.

The WebSocket server executing on the ZTNA gateway 1926 may beresponsible for tunnelling IP packets that are received from the ZTNAagent 1922 over the websocket connection (and addressed to anapplication hosted by the gateway 1926). The WebSocket server may run,e.g., as a container in Kubernetes or the like. The WebSocket server maythen set up a TUN interface and configure the IP table rules such thatit forwards traffic from the ZTNA agent 1922 to an appropriate hostedapplication. When forwarding the traffic, the WebSocket server may usesource NAT, such that internal application see that the traffic iscoming from the gateway 1926. The WebSocket server may drop incomingtraffic when the websocket connection is slow. In some embodiments, thewebsocket server may automatically recover dropped traffic with a TCPconnection.

In general, the Application Manager of the WebSocket server may beresponsible for reading applications from a configuration store (“Redis”in FIG. 19 ) when the WebSocket server is booted. The ApplicationManager may also subscribe to changes from Redis, so that whenever theapplication is changed by an administrator at the threat managementfacility, those new details are propagated to the Application Manager.The Application manager may also handle Domain Name Server (DNS)resolution if the application is configured with a Fully QualifiedDomain Name (FQDN). When other modules request the application from theApplication Manager, the Application Manager performs a DNS resolutionand returns the appropriate application information. For example, thereturned application structure can have multiple internal IP addresses,which may be sorted, and the connection may use the first IP addressfrom the resolved data.

The IP Pool Manager may maintain a pool of IP addresses within a givensubnet. If there are multiple websocket server instances running, eachone should have a separate subnet. The WebSocket server assigns an IPaddress from the pool for each websocket connection, and when aconnection is closed the IP address is released back to the pool for usein other connections.

The Policy Manager may be responsible for checking policy status with apolicy agent. The Policy Manager may, for example, communicate with thepolicy agent using REST APIs. Whenever the Policy Manager receives apolicy evaluation request for a WebSocket connection, the Policy Managermay send a corresponding REST API request to the policy agent withconnection cookie, anti-virus status, syncsec_status (synchronizedsecurity heartbeat status), and application identifier (such as a128-bit universally unique identifier) for which the policy evaluationrequest is done. The websocket connection may perform policy evaluationrequests for incoming packets under certain conditions, such as when thelast policy evaluated time is more than 5 mins or any other suitabletimeframe.

The Tunnel Reader/Writer may be responsible for setting up a TUNinterface inside the WebSocket container and may assign a firstavailable IP address from a given subnet (IP pool subnet) to theinterface. The Tunnel Reader/Writer may also set up an IP table rulesuch that all the packets that are written to this interface areforwarded correctly, and may also configure the iptables rules to doSNAT or the like on traffic that is coming from the TUN interface. Thishappens when the WebSocket Server is initialized. The TunnelReader/Writer may also provide APIs for a websocket connection to writeIP packets to the TUN interface and also read packets from the TUNinterface. The WebSocket Server may be responsible for reading from theTUN interface and handover the packet to a corresponding websocketconnection.

FIG. 20 illustrates a sequence diagram for access and use of remotelyhosted applications as described herein. In general, when an applicationis launched on an endpoint, the ZTNA agent may setup a websocketconnection and the websocket server may reserve an IP address for theconnection for an IP Pool manager. When the application on the endpointforwards a DNS request, the ZTNA agent may look up the application fromthe threat management facility (or other central resource), and send anapplication mapping message to the websocket server (on the gateway)along with an IP address assigned to the websocket connection. On theother hand, the WebSocket server may lookup the application, including aDNS lookup, and return application details for use by the ZTNA agent onthe endpoint. With the appropriate address information in place and thewebsocket connection created, packets containing application traffic maybe communicated through the websocket connection between the ZTNA agentand the application gateway, with source and destination addresseschanged as packets pass through the websocket interface.

In general, an enterprise security policy for the connection may bemanaged (in the application layer) using a policy manager executing onthe application gateway and coupled in a communicating relationship withthe threat management facility. At the same time, communications betweenthe ZTNA application gateway and the ZTNA application can be securedthrough a TUN network interface or other virtual point-to-point networktunnel or virtual private network interface or the like, and addressedusing a secure network address translation or the like.

FIG. 21 shows a method for using distributed ZTNA resources. In general,using the following method 2100, an endpoint may seamlessly andconcurrently use a number of different ZTNA applications hosted atdifferent ZTNA gateways in different geographic or network locations. Asa significant advantage, an administrative policy for an enterprise thatprovides such applications may be centrally managed at a threatmanagement facility or the like, and deployed to each ZTNA gateway forlocal use at the application layer to provide administrative orpolicy-based control of application usage for authorized users of theenterprise network. At the same time, an end user can enjoy seamless useof multiple ZTNA applications or the like at a single endpoint withoutregard to physical or logical location on a network.

As shown in step 2102, the method 2100 may include maintaining a datastore of hosted applications. For example, this may include storing amapping of a plurality of applications to a plurality of fully qualifieddomain names for zero trust network access gateways. Where applicationsare themselves identified by fully qualified domain names, the mappingmay also or instead map the fully qualified domain name for eachapplication to the fully qualified domain name for a corresponding oneof the gateways. This mapping may be stored, e.g., on an endpoint foruse by the agent. This permits the ZTNA agent on the endpoint to locatea suitable ZTNA application gateway for a number of differentapplications that are managed, e.g., by a threat management facility orother enterprise resource. Maintaining the data store may also includeperiodically updating the mapping, e.g., by updating the mappingremotely from a threat management facility for an enterprise networkassociated with the endpoint, or using some other central managementresource or data store.

As shown in step 2104, the method 2100 may include receiving a requestat an endpoint for access to a first application remotely hosted on anetwork. This may occur, e.g., in response to a user locally selectingand launching the application within a user interface of the endpoint,or otherwise receiving a request for the application by a user orprocess on the endpoint. In general, the endpoint may be any of theendpoints described herein, and the first application may be a ZTNAapplication or other application hosted through a ZTNA gateway.

In general, the first time a user accesses a protected resource such asone of the ZTNA applications, the user will be required to authenticateto the configured identify provider with the user's credentials. Thismay be a third party identity provider, of which several commercialalternatives are available, or a proprietary identity providermanagement by an enterprise associated with the endpoint (or a user ofthe endpoint). The user authentication may subsequently be checked bysearching for a corresponding cookie or other token in a secure store onthe endpoint. If this cookie (or other token) is not available from theendpoint, then the ZTNA agent may write a sign-in URL to the registrykey which will be watched by the endpoint user interface. The change inthe value may invoke an Embedded browser (Endpoint UI) and cause a GETrequest to the sign-in URL, which the gateway can then redirect to theidentity provider. The user may then manually provide credentials to theidentity provider, and the gateway can handle a token request from theidentity provider and a response to the endpoint with the correspondingcookie (or other token). For example, a response from the gateway mayinclude a cookie based on the interaction with the identity provider,and the Endpoint UI (Embedded Browser) may transfer the cookie to theZTNA Agent. On receiving the cookie from the embedded browser, a UserAuth Agent may inform a ZTNA Component Manager to use this cookie inorder to make a WebSocket Tunnel. The cookie may be stored in anysuitable local, secure data store such as a tamper protected store,encrypted store, or the like.

As shown in step 2106, the method 2100 may include, with an agentexecuting on the endpoint, mapping the first application to a fullyqualified domain name for a first zero trust network access gateway forthe first application. The agent may, for example, include a ZTNA agent,a local security agent, or any other agent or combination of softwareagents executing on the endpoint for browser-based access or otheraccess to a ZTNA application remotely hosted through a ZTNA gateway orthe like.

As shown in step 2108, the method 2100 may include connecting to thefirst application through the first ZTNA gateway using an encrypted orotherwise secure communication channel, such as the WebSocket Tunneldescribed above. The application may then be rendered in a userinterface of the endpoint and/or used by the endpoint as appropriate,with data, commands, and aspects of the user interface communicated asneeded through the secure communication channel.

As shown in step 2110, the method 2100 may include receiving a secondrequest at the endpoint for access to a second application remotelyhosted on the network. This may, for example, be a separate ZTNAapplication, provided through a ZTNA gateway, that a user wishes to useconcurrently with the first application, either in cooperation with thefirst application, or independently from the first application. This mayalso, for example, include an application that provides data orprocessing resources useful for the first application, or useful foranother application or process executing on the endpoint.

As shown in step 2112, the method 2100 may include mapping theapplication to a second gateway domain name, e.g., using any of thetechniques described herein.

As shown in step 2114, the method 2100 may include determining if thesecond gateway, as specified by the second gateway domain name, is thesame as the first gateway. If the second gateway is different than thefirst gateway, then the method 2100 may proceed to step 2116 where a newsecure channel such as an encrypted tunnel is created for the secondgateway to communicate with the endpoint. If the second gateway is thesame as the first gateway, then the method 2100 may proceed to step 2120where the first and second applications are multiplexed through a singlesecure channel to the endpoint using the existing secure tunnel (orother secure, encrypted channel or the like).

As shown in step 2116, the method 2100 may include connecting to thesecond application through the second gateway. This may, for example,include connecting to a ZTNA application through a ZTNA gateway using asecure tunnel or other encrypted channel or the like. The second gatewaymay, for example, be logically or physically remote from the firstgateway such that the first gateway cannot support access to associatedZTNA applications. In this case, an additional secure channel must becreated to this separate resource, e.g., by creating a secure tunnel asdescribed above.

As shown in step 2118, the method 2100 may include multiplexing one ormore additional application sessions for one or more additionalapplications requested by the endpoint, e.g., in cases where one or moreof these additional applications are hosted on ZTNA gateways thatalready have a secure tunnel established with the local security agentor other agent executing on the endpoint.

As shown in step 2120, the method 2100 may include multiplexing theapplication session. For example, if the endpoint has an encryptedtunnel (e.g., through the TUN interface and secure websocket connectionas described herein) to the first zero trust network access gateway fora second application, this may include, with the agent executing on theendpoint, multiplexing communications with the first application and thesecond application through the existing encrypted tunnel.

As shown in step 2122, the method 2100 may include multiplexing one ormore additional application sessions. For example, in one aspect, themethod 2100 may include, with the agent executing on the endpoint,performing the steps of: receiving a request at the endpoint for accessto a third application remotely hosted through a second zero trustnetwork access gateway geographically remote from the first zero trustnetwork access gateway; mapping a third fully qualified domain name forthe third application to the second zero trust network access gateway;and creating a second encrypted tunnel for communications with the thirdapplication. In another aspect, the method 2100 may include, with theagent executing on the endpoint, performing the steps of: receiving arequest at the endpoint for access to a third application remotelyhosted through a second zero trust network access gateway geographicallyremote from the first zero trust network access gateway; mapping a thirdfully qualified domain name for the third application to the second zerotrust network access gateway; and multiplexing communications with thefirst application and the third application through the agent.

FIG. 22 illustrates an endpoint in a ZTNA system. The system 2200 maybe, for example, the ZTNA system illustrated in FIG. 18 or 19 , or moregenerally, any of the ZTNA systems described above, except wherespecifically stated otherwise. In general, ZTNA applications may beaccessed from an endpoint 2202 on an enterprise network, such as any ofthe endpoints described herein. The endpoint 2202 may include a ZTNAagent 2204 and an NTP service 2206. The endpoint 2202 may be coupled ina communicating relationship with a central management facility 2208,such as any of the threat management facilities described herein formanaging security policies for an enterprise or the like. The endpoint2202 may also be coupled in a communicating relationship with a ZTNAgateway 2210 that hosts a ZTNA application 2212 used by the endpoint2202.

The ZTNA agent 2204 may create and manage connections to remoteapplications such as the application 2212. This may include one or morecomponents for processing data, such as an agent configurator 2214, atap adapter 2216, a TunTap reader-writer component 2218, a tap adapterconfigurator 2220, a packet analyzer 2222, a DNS handler 2224, acomponent manager 2226, a web socket client 2228, a certificationmanager 2230, and a device attributes manager 2232. In general, the ZTNAagent 2204 may establish a secure connection with the ZTNA gateway 2210and access the ZTNA application 2212 based on a ZTNA policy.

The agent configurator 2214 may be responsible for setting aconfiguration of the agent 2204 according to a ZTNA policy, which may bestored locally or received form the central management facility 2208,e.g., in XML format or using any other suitable syntax or structure. Athread on the endpoint may monitor for policy changes so that a localpolicy cache can remain current with updates from the central managementfacility 2208. The ZTNA policy may, for example, include a list ofgateways and applications available to enterprise endpoints, which maybe converted to an in-memory map and sent to the DNS handler 2224 foruse in creating connections when an application is locally requested onthe endpoint 2202. The agent configurator 2214 may also manage IP rangesfor application FQDNs obtained from the central management facility2208. After receiving an application list, the agent configurator 2214may provide a count of configured applications (received from thecentral management facility 2208) to the tap adapter configurator 2220.After this notification, the agent configurator 2214 may get the startand end addresses of the IP range that it can use, and then manage an IPto host mapping. These results are provided to the DNS handler 2224 andTAP adapter configurator 2220 for use in setting up connections withremote ZTNA applications.

The tap adapter 2216 may be an open-source component configured tointercept and process IP packets received at the ZTNA agent 2204, ormore generally, any network driver or the like used by virtual privatenetwork services or other similarly secure connection services toconnect to servers. For example, the tap adapter 2216 may include anopenvpn tap adapter configured in Tun mode to intercept IP packets, or aTAP-Windows Adapter or any other suitable network driver or the like.The tap adapter 2216 may send the intercepted IP packets to the TunTapreader-writer component 2218, which may then forward the packets to thepacket analyzer 2222. More generally, the TunTap reader-writer component2218 may read IP packets from the tun interface, forward packets to thepacket analyzer 2222, and write backets back to the virtual interfacefor the secure connection.

The tap adapter configurator 2220 may configure the tap adapter 2216 asappropriate. For example, the tap adapter configurator 2220 mayconfigure the TunTap adapter 2216 in Tun Mode to permit reading andwriting of IP packets. More generally, the tap adapter configurator 2220may assign a virtual IP address, DHCP, and subnet mask settings for thetap adapter 2216. In one aspect, the configuration of the tap adapter2216 may depend on the count of configured applications from the centralmanagement facility 2208, e.g., by providing a sufficient IP addressrange in the subnet for the entire application list.

The packet analyzer 2222 may interpret IP packets according to aselected protocol such as DNS, TCP, UDP, or ICMP. For DNS packets, thepacket analyzer 2222 may ignore the packets or send the packets back tothe reader-writer component 2218 based on a response from the DNShandler 2224. For TCP, UDP, and ICMP packets, the packet analyzer 2222may route the packets to the component manager 2226.

The DNS handler 2224 may receive filtered packets from the packetanalyzer 2222. The DNS handler 2224 may check to see if the FQDN listedin the map constructed by the agent configurator 2214 can be found. Ifthe FQDN is not found, then the request from the ZTNA application 2212is ignored. If the FQDN is found, the DNS handler 2224 may process thepackets to form a DNS answer and send the DNS answer to the packetanalyzer 2222.

The ZTNA component manager 2226 may generally manage secure connectionsto remote ZTNA applications, e.g., through the integration of ZTNAcomponents into the NTP service for the ZTNA agent 2204. This mayinclude handling packets from the packet analyzer 2222 and forwardingthe packets to the web socket client 2228, handling responses from theweb socket client 2228, managing a device attributes monitor thread,integrating components of the ZTNA agent 2204 into the NTP service, andmanaging a browser instance at a user interface to allow a user to entertheir credentials for accessing ZTNA applications. The component manager2226 may also manage a message queue to handle a multitude of requestscoming from one or more applications on the enterprise network.

The web socket client 2228 may use secure web sockets to set up a WSScommunication channel with the ZTNA gateway 2210. The web socket client2228 may use an SSL or TLS handshake to establish the communicationchannel. The web socket client 2228 may communicate with thecertification manager 2230, which may obtain certificates for theendpoint 2202 and the gateway 2210 that are collectively required duringthe handshake. In one aspect, this may include obtaining a cookie duringuser authentication for a new web socket tunnel, and providing thecookie in a WSS connection header when communicating with the web socketserver of a ZTNA gateway.

The device attributes manager 2232 may fetch a static list of deviceattributes to send to the gateway 2210. The device attributes mayinclude one or more of an anti-virus status and an endpoint SynSecstatus.

The MCS manager 2234 may be a multicast service manager or othersuitable network services component for managing the interaction of theZTNA agent 2204 with the NTP service 2206. The MCS manager 2234 mayreceive ZTNA policies from the NTP service 2206 and send them to theagent configurator 2214.

The NTP service 2206 may be in a communicating relationship with theZTNA agent 2204 at the endpoint 2202. The NTP service 2206 may includeone or more components, such as an MCS remapper 2235 and a heartbeatmodule 2238. An MCS adapter 2236 may also or instead be included on theendpoint 2202. One or more of the MCS remapper 2235 and the MCS adapter2236 may receive ZTNA policies downloaded from the central managementfacility 2208. The ZTNA policy may be received in XML format and thensubsequently pushed to the MCS manager 2234. The certification manager2230 may interact with the heartbeat module 2238 to obtain certificatesfor the certification manager 2230, such as an endpoint certificate anda gateway certificate, that are required during a WSS handshake to forma secure WebSocket connection.

Using the components of a ZTNA agent 2204 and NTP service 2206 asdescribed above, a user may authenticate and create a secure connectionfor ZTNA access to a ZTNA application through a ZTNA gateway asdescribed herein. The first time a user requests access to a protectedresource such as the application 2212, the user may be required toauthenticate to the configured Identity Provider (IDP) with credentials.In general, an IDP is a service that creates, maintains, and managesidentity information for users, and provides authentication services toother applications within a distributed network. A variety of open andproprietary IDP standards and services are available, including thirdparty IDP services that are commercially available, as well as IDPservices that can be deployed and managed by an administrator of anenterprise network. In the current context, the IDP may be any identityprovider providing suitable security and reliability for use in a ZTNAplatform as contemplated herein.

When a user requests access to an application at the gateway 2210, theZTNA agent may check for an available cookie in the store. If no cookieis available then the ZTNA agent 2204 may write a sign-in url to aregistry key that can be watched by the endpoint. A change in the valuemay invoke an Embedded browser (Endpoint UI) and make a GET request tothe sign-in url, which the gateway can redirect to the IDP. The user canthen manually provide credentials in the user interface, and when thesecredentials are posted to the IDP, the gateway can manage a tokenrequest with the IDP and respond to the client with a cookie. A responsefrom the gateway to the endpoint will include the cookie for use increating a secure connection and accessing the application(s) 2212requested by the endpoint. For example, the endpoint UI (EmbeddedBrowser) may transfer the cookie to the ZTNA agent 2204, where the ZTNAcomponent manager 2226 may use this cookie when creating a Web SocketTunnel for communication with the gateway 2210. The cookie may be storedin a tamper protected store or other secure cache or the like to preventmalicious interception and use.

According to the foregoing, there is more generally described herein azero trust network access (ZTNA) system comprising: an endpoint, theendpoint including a local application with a first tunnel interfacelocally coupled to a ZTNA agent executing on the endpoint, the ZTNAagent further including a WebSocket client; a ZTNA gateway coupled tothe ZTNA agent of the endpoint through a websocket server executing onthe ZTNA gateway, the ZTNA gateway configured to authenticate theendpoint for access to applications managed by an enterprise; a ZTNAapplication coupled to the websocket server of the ZTNA gateway througha second tunnel interface, thereby forming a secure connection betweenthe local application on the endpoint and the ZTNA application hostedthrough the ZTNA gateway; and a threat management facility coupled in acommunicating relationship to the ZTNA agent and the ZTNA gateway, thethreat management facility configured to manage a security policy foruse of the ZTNA application by users associated with the enterprise.

The ZTNA agent may be configured to couple through a data network to twoor more ZTNA applications hosted by two or more ZTNA gateways deployedat separate network locations, for which separate secure encryptedchannels may be created. The ZTNA agent may also or instead couple totwo or more ZTNA applications hosted by a single ZTNA gateway, in whichcase communications for the two or more ZTNA applications may bemultiplexed on a single, secure encrypted communication channel. In oneaspect, the ZTNA gateway may be a virtual appliance executing on a cloudcomputing platform. The endpoint may also or instead be a virtualcompute instance executing on a cloud computing platform.

The above systems, devices, methods, processes, and the like may berealized in hardware, software, or any combination of these suitable fora particular application. The hardware may include a general-purposecomputer and/or dedicated computing device. This includes realization inone or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, embeddedmicrocontrollers, programmable digital signal processors or otherprogrammable devices or processing circuitry, along with internal and/orexternal memory. This may also, or instead, include one or moreapplication specific integrated circuits, programmable gate arrays,programmable array logic components, or any other device or devices thatmay be configured to process electronic signals. It will further beappreciated that a realization of the processes or devices describedabove may include computer-executable code created using a structuredprogramming language such as C, an object oriented programming languagesuch as C++, or any other high-level or low-level programming language(including assembly languages, hardware description languages, anddatabase programming languages and technologies) that may be stored,compiled or interpreted to run on one of the above devices, as well asheterogeneous combinations of processors, processor architectures, orcombinations of different hardware and software. In another aspect, themethods may be embodied in systems that perform the steps thereof, andmay be distributed across devices in a number of ways. At the same time,processing may be distributed across devices such as the various systemsdescribed above, or all of the functionality may be integrated into adedicated, standalone device or other hardware. In another aspect, meansfor performing the steps associated with the processes described abovemay include any of the hardware and/or software described above. Allsuch permutations and combinations are intended to fall within the scopeof the present disclosure.

Embodiments disclosed herein may include computer program productscomprising computer-executable code or computer-usable code that, whenexecuting on one or more computing devices, performs any and/or all ofthe steps thereof. The code may be stored in a non-transitory fashion ina computer memory, which may be a memory from which the program executes(such as random-access memory associated with a processor), or a storagedevice such as a disk drive, flash memory or any other optical,electromagnetic, magnetic, infrared, or other device or combination ofdevices. In another aspect, any of the systems and methods describedabove may be embodied in any suitable transmission or propagation mediumcarrying computer-executable code and/or any inputs or outputs fromsame.

It will be appreciated that the devices, systems, and methods describedabove are set forth by way of example and not of limitation. Absent anexplicit indication to the contrary, the disclosed steps may bemodified, supplemented, omitted, and/or re-ordered without departingfrom the scope of this disclosure. Numerous variations, additions,omissions, and other modifications will be apparent to one of ordinaryskill in the art. In addition, the order or presentation of method stepsin the description and drawings above is not intended to require thisorder of performing the recited steps unless a particular order isexpressly required or otherwise clear from the context.

The method steps of the implementations described herein are intended toinclude any suitable method of causing such method steps to beperformed, consistent with the patentability of the following claims,unless a different meaning is expressly provided or otherwise clear fromthe context. So, for example, performing the step of X includes anysuitable method for causing another party such as a remote user, aremote processing resource (e.g., a server or cloud computer) or amachine to perform the step of X. Similarly, performing steps X, Y, andZ may include any method of directing or controlling any combination ofsuch other individuals or resources to perform steps X, Y, and Z toobtain the benefit of such steps. Thus, method steps of theimplementations described herein are intended to include any suitablemethod of causing one or more other parties or entities to perform thesteps, consistent with the patentability of the following claims, unlessa different meaning is expressly provided or otherwise clear from thecontext. Such parties or entities need not be under the direction orcontrol of any other party or entity, and need not be located within aparticular jurisdiction.

It should further be appreciated that the methods above are provided byway of example. Absent an explicit indication to the contrary, thedisclosed steps may be modified, supplemented, omitted, and/orre-ordered without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

It will be appreciated that the methods and systems described above areset forth by way of example and not of limitation. Numerous variations,additions, omissions, and other modifications will be apparent to one ofordinary skill in the art. In addition, the order or presentation ofmethod steps in the description and drawings above is not intended torequire this order of performing the recited steps unless a particularorder is expressly required or otherwise clear from the context. Thus,while particular embodiments have been shown and described, it will beapparent to those skilled in the art that various changes andmodifications in form and details may be made therein without departingfrom the spirit and scope of this disclosure and are intended to form apart of the invention as defined by the following claims, which are tobe interpreted in the broadest sense allowable by law.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer program product comprising computerexecutable code embodied in a non-transitory computer readable mediumthat, when executing on a local security agent of an endpoint, managesaccess to distributed zero trust network access resources by performingthe steps of: receiving a request at an endpoint for access to a firstapplication remotely hosted on a network; mapping a first name for thefirst application to a first fully qualified domain name for a firstzero trust network access gateway for the first application;establishing an encrypted tunnel from the endpoint to the firstapplication through the first zero trust network access gateway;receiving a request at the endpoint for access to a second applicationremotely hosted on the network; mapping a second name for the secondapplication to a second fully qualified domain name for a second zerotrust network access gateway for the second application; comparing thefirst zero trust network access gateway for the first application to thesecond zero trust network access gateway for the second application; andin response to determining that the first zero trust network accessgateway for the first application is the same as the second zero trustnetwork access gateway for the second application, multiplexing aconnection from the endpoint to the second application through theencrypted tunnel.
 2. The computer program product of claim 1, furthercomprising code that, when executing on the endpoint, performs the stepof, in response to determining that the first zero trust network accessgateway for the first application is different than the second zerotrust network access gateway for the second application, creating asecond encrypted tunnel from the endpoint to the second applicationthrough the second zero trust network access gateway.
 3. The computerprogram product of claim 1, further comprising code that, when executingon the endpoint, concurrently presents the first application and thesecond application in a user interface of the endpoint.
 4. The computerprogram product of claim 1, further comprising code that, when executingon the local security agent of the endpoint, performs the step ofmanaging use of the first application and the second application on theendpoint according to a security policy administered from a remotethreat management facility.
 5. The computer program product of claim 1,further comprising code that, when executing on the local security agentof the endpoint, coordinates authentication of the endpoint to at leastone of the first application and the second application through a remotethreat management facility.
 6. The computer program product of claim 1,wherein the endpoint is a virtual compute instance executing on a cloudcomputing platform.
 7. The computer program product of claim 1, whereinthe first zero trust network access gateway is a virtual applianceexecuting in a cloud computing environment.
 8. A method comprising:receiving a request at an endpoint for access to a first applicationremotely hosted on a network; with a local security agent executing onthe endpoint, mapping the first application to a fully qualified domainname for a gateway for the first application; and with the localsecurity agent executing on the endpoint, if the endpoint hasestablished an encrypted tunnel to the gateway for a second application,multiplexing communications with the first application and the secondapplication through the encrypted tunnel, and if the endpoint does nothave the encrypted tunnel to the gateway, creating the encrypted tunnelto the gateway for the first application.
 9. The method of claim 8,wherein a user on the endpoint is authenticated to the application usingthe local security agent of the endpoint in communication with a remotethreat management facility.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein use ofthe application by the endpoint is managed according to a securitypolicy locally managed on the endpoint by the local security agent incommunication with a remote threat management facility.
 11. The methodof claim 8, wherein the gateway is a zero trust network access gatewayfor the first application.
 12. The method of claim 11, furthercomprising, with the local security agent executing on the endpoint,performing the steps of: receiving a request at the endpoint for accessto a third application remotely hosted through a second zero trustnetwork access gateway geographically remote from the zero trust networkaccess gateway for the first application; mapping the third applicationto a fully qualified domain name for the second zero trust networkaccess gateway; and creating a second encrypted tunnel forcommunications with the third application.
 13. The method of claim 8,further comprising storing with the local security agent a mapping of aplurality of applications to a plurality of fully qualified domain namesfor zero trust network access gateways for the plurality ofapplications.
 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising updatingthe mapping remotely from a threat management facility for an enterprisenetwork associated with the endpoint.
 15. The method of claim 8, whereinthe local security agent includes an agent for browser-based access tozero trust network access applications.
 16. The method of claim 8,further comprising managing a security policy for use of the firstapplication and the second application at an application layer on thegateway.
 17. The method of claim 8, further comprising concurrentlyproviding a user interface for each of the first application and thesecond application on the endpoint.
 18. A zero trust network access(ZTNA) system comprising: an endpoint, the endpoint including a localapplication with a first tunnel interface locally coupled to a ZTNAagent executing on the endpoint, the ZTNA agent further including awebsocket client; a ZTNA gateway coupled to the ZTNA agent of theendpoint through a websocket server executing on the ZTNA gateway, theZTNA gateway configured to authenticate the endpoint for access toapplications managed by an enterprise; a ZTNA application coupled to thewebsocket server of the ZTNA gateway through a second tunnel interface,thereby forming a secure connection between the local application on theendpoint and the ZTNA application hosted through the ZTNA gateway; and athreat management facility coupled in a communicating relationship tothe ZTNA agent and the ZTNA gateway, the threat management facilityconfigured to manage a security policy for use of the ZTNA applicationby users associated with the enterprise.
 19. The system of claim 18,wherein the ZTNA agent is configured to couple through a data network totwo or more ZTNA applications hosted by two or more ZTNA gatewaysdeployed at separate network locations.
 20. The system of claim 18,wherein the ZTNA gateway is a virtual appliance executing on a cloudcomputing platform.